Articles

Background. The article presents a comparative analysis of diagnostic tools used to assess various aspects of psychological well-being. It also outlines trends in the development of modern survey methods for its assessment.

The objective of this study is to substantiate the advantages of the methods that allow diagnosing both the general level of psychological well-being and its separate components (eudemonic and hedonic), taking into account contextual and age-related aspects. The results of the validation of the questionnaire “Well-being Manifestations Measurement Scale (WBMMS)” on a sample of Russian students are presented.

Study Participants. The sample consisted of 435 Russian university students, the age ranging from 16 to 28 years (Mage = 19.72, SD = 1.67). Of these, 56.41% were female and 44.52% were male.

Methods. The following methods were employed: the scale of general level of subjective well-being (Life Satisfaction Scale) by E. Diener, the scale of optimism (Test of Dispositional Optimism, TDO-P), and the Depression Scale of the Center for Epidemiological Studies, CES-D.

Results. The results of the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) supported our initial hypothesis that the well-being construct could be adequately represented by a single common factor, formed by two lower-order factors. These factors, eudemonistic and hedonistic, respectively, were significantly correlated with each other, and with the subjective well-being of participants. The instrument demonstrated good convergent validity with these variables, as indicated by the positive correlation with subjective well-being and the negative correlation with optimism. The questionnaire scales exhibited satisfactory reliability values. A comparison of female and male samples on the scales of the SPPB questionnaire indicated the necessity to consider gender in the development of the questionnaire norms.

Conclusions. The scale of manifestations of psychological well-being meets contemporary psychometric standards and allows for the assessment of psychological well-being in accordance with the latest theoretical approaches. The results obtained contribute to both the theoretical understanding of the construct of well-being and its measurement.

Background. The authors developed a specialized set of functional magnetic resonance imaging paradigms, based on data from general psychology, neuropsychology and previous studies, to diagnose the “covert cognition” phenomenon on a Russian-speaking sample of patients with chronic disorders of consciousness. Before using this set with patients, it is advisable to carry out testing on a group of healthy people with preserved consciousness in order to detect significant clusters of activation corresponding to paradigms and to assess their reproducibility at the individual level.

Objectives. The study is aimed at testing the proposed set of fMRI paradigms in order to detect the “covert cognition” phenomenon on a sample of healthy volunteers.

Study Participants. Sample included 10 healthy volunteers (3 men, 7 women, M = 44 years, SD = 17).

Methods. The study was performed on a magnetic resonance imaging scanner “Magnetom Verio”, “Siemens” with a magnetic field strength of 3 Tesla. The hierarchical set of nine passive and three active paradigms was presented to participants. Statistical analysis was carried out using SPM12.

Results. As a result of group analysis, significant clusters of activation were observed in six passive paradigms, covering the perception of tactile (“writing” a letter on the abdomen), auditory non-speech (alarm clock, two musical fragments without words) and speech stimuli. Auditory speech paradigms (audio fragment from the film with obscene language, testee`s name within the “cocktail party” effect) were the most reproducible paradigms at the individual level.

Conclusions. The obtained results allow us to apply the proven paradigms in further studies to detecting the “covert cognition” phenomenon on a Russianspeaking sample of patients with chronic disorders of consciousness. Data on brain activation in healthy volunteers in different paradigms enriches theoretical understanding of cerebral organization of cognitive functions.

Background. Raven’s Coloured Progressive Matrices (RCPMs) is a widely used instrument as one of psychometric measures of general intelligence in children. However, according to some researchers, the RCPM is heterogeneous and individual tasks may be associated with the assessment of various cognitive components.

Objective. This study is aimed to examine the influence of functions of visual and visuospatial processing, and executive functions on the productivity of RCPMs.

Study Participants. A total of 297 children from 6 to 9 years old participated in the study. Of these, 98 were preschoolers, 87 first graders and 112 second graders. A total of 152 boys and 145 girls participated in the study. All children had no diagnosed developmental and neurological disorders.

Methods. All the children accomplished the computerized version of RCPM in the Rosanova’s modification. They also passed a neuropsychological assessment adapted for 6–9-year-old children.

Results. Age differences were shown. They were the greatest when comparing preschoolers and first-grader. The differences between first-graders and secondgraders were less prominent. Hierarchical regression analysis showed that three parts of the matrices are related to separate groups of functions to different degrees. The first part of the test is most related to the state of visual information processing functions; the second part refers to the state of visual-spatial information processing and executive functions; and the third part to a greater extent deals with the state of executive functions.

Conclusion. The results indicate the heterogeneity of tasks in RCPM and the promise of a more detailed analysis of the structure of the technique, including the use of a neuropsychological approach.

Background. The explosion of digital technologies and gadgets acting as sociocultural tools, forming a new technologically rich ecosystem, raises more and more questions in the scientific community about considering technologies not only as tools, but as external extensions or additions of a person.

Objectives. The aim of the work is to develop and validate the Self-Management of Digital Daily Life (SMDDL) scale for digital extended personality.

Study Participants. The study sample consisted of 1,797 adolescents and youth aged 14–35 years.

Methods. The study utilized the SMDDL scale developed by the authors. The scale includes 3 subscales. To assess convergent and discriminant validity we used the self-assessment of user activity and online social capital, the Digital Competence Index, the Internet Addiction Scale, technique for assessing changes in psychological boundaries when using technical means MIG-TS-2, and the Attitude Towards Technology questionnaire.

Results. The structure of the scale was refined based on the results of exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis (subscales Digital Device Management, Digital Sociality, Experiencing Digital Daily Life, α = 0.80–0.88). Compared to youth, adolescents scored lower; males scored higher than females on the three subscales of the SMDDL. All of the SMDDL subscales are positively related to the user activity, technophilia, and a number of MIG-TS-2 scales. Of the three subscales, only Digital Device Management did not show a positive relationship with Internet addiction, but was positively related to digital competence and technorationalism.

Conclusions. Based on the data obtained, a conclusion was made about the reliability, consistency, and validity of the developed SMDDL scale. User activity and technophilia are the conditions for the formation of an extended digital personality, while digital competence and technorationalism become the tools of self-management of the diversity of digital extensions. Internet addiction as one of the risks for a technologically extended personality can be offset by the ability to self-manage one’s digital extensions.

Background. A comparative analysis of the personal characteristics, coping behaviour, and resilience of students who left the line of contact and students living on the territory bordering zone of special military operation is the theoretical basis for the justification of the programme for psychological support for refugees from the combat zone, as well as the population living on the line of fight contact.

Objectives. The study aims to compare the personal characteristics of students who left the line of fight contact and students living on the territory bordering the SMO zone.

Study Participants. First-year students of the Pedagogical Institute of the Belgorod State National Research University (n = 81) aged 18 to 20 years took part in the study. Of these, 40 students left the line of contact and 41 students were living on the territory bordering the SMO zone.

Methods. To study the coping strategy of behaviour, we used the test “Overcoming difficult life situations” (by V. Janke and G. Erdmann in the adaptation of N.E. Vodopyanova). R. Kettell’s 16-factor personality questionnaire was used to determine personal characteristics. The resilience of the subjects was studied using the resilience test (by S. Muddy in the adaptation of D.A. Leontiev and E.I.Rasskazova).

Results. It is proved that students living on the territory bordering on the zone of SMO have a higher level of resilience. Their involvement in the ongoing life events, the desire to actively act, acquire new skills and experience, increase their self-confidence and contribute to the formation of pleasure from their own activities, in contrast to the students who left the fight zone and are more likely to show self-doubt, distrust of the world, anxiety, irritability, a sense of helplessness and unproductive coping strategies.

Conclusions. The study identifies distinctive features in the personal qualities, coping behaviour and resilience of students who left the fightline and students living on the territory bordering the SMO zone. Students who left the combat zone are less resilient, more often use unproductive coping strategies, are more intellectual, anxious, irritable and tense, and more often show leadership potential, compared to the students who live in the territory bordering the combat contact line. The results obtained were taken into account when developing the “Resilient Personality” training; they form the basis of the programme for psychological support for refugees from the combat zone, as well as the population living in the territory bordering the SMO zone.

Background. Modern psychology of parenting offers various phenomena for study, including parental relations, parental attitudes, and parenting practices. The study of parental attitudes enables us to describe the cognitive aspect of the family environment in which the child develops. Previous studies have found a significant association between parental attitudes and the cognitive and socio-emotional development of children. However, their results are ambiguous and require further clarification.

Objectives. The aim of this study is to analyze the connection between parental attitudes regarding the necessity of structuring the environment or supporting the child’s spontaneous activity, and the indicators of the child’s cognitive and socio-emotional development. In addition, the study examines the presence of confrontation between parents regarding the characteristics of upbringing and fostering.

Methods. We developed three groups of statements to identify parental attitudes: 1) statements about the organization of the child’s life; 2) statements about the role of play activities; 3) statements about confrontational attitudes within the family. Indicators of children’s cognitive development were identified using J. Raven’s Colored Progressive Matrices and subtests of the NEPSY-II method. Social-emotional features were identified with the “Test for Understanding Emotions”.

Results. Most parents consider a structured environment to be more important for the well-being of their child. In addition, research has shown that attitudes towards the positive impact of a structured environment are a strong predictor of a child’s nonverbal intelligence. Similarly, attitudes towards the importance of spontaneous activity are predictors of auditory-verbal memory and the ability to switch tasks efficiently. Parental attitudes did not show any associations with the socio-emotional development of children.

Conclusions. Parental attitudes play a significant role in child development. The belief in the need to structure the child’s environment may have positive effects on the child’s cognitive development. However, it does not affect social-emotional development. On the other hand, the belief in the need for spontaneous activity is more likely to be associated with lower levels of executive functioning in the child.

Background. Psychological well-being ensures the positive functioning of theartist’s personality, which includes internal (subjective) and external (objective) factors. The dynamism of the art market, instability of demand and orders, displacement of individuality by mass art lead to emotional tension, increased anxiety and, as a consequence, to a decrease in the level of well-being and to the growth of psychological insecurity of artists. Psychosemantic space reflects social representations that reveal the most significant and prioritised sources of maintaining an optimal level of psychological well-being for artists.

Objectives. The aim of the study was to identify and describe meaning groups of sources of psychological well-being of artists.

Study Participants. The research participants were 57 people aged 19 to 60. Data processing was carried out by content analysis. The criterion for selecting the sample was the profile education obtained in a specialized secondary or higher education institution.

Methods. A survey with an open type of questions about well-being among artists was conducted. Data processing was carried out by content analysis and by the method of condensation of meaning.

Results. The most frequently occurring semantic groups of factors of psychological well-being are identified. External factors of psychological well-being of artists include environment, relationships, quality of life and educational environment. The internal factors of artists’ psychological well-being include: health and self-perception.

Conclusions. The selected semantic groups are reflections of emotional, communicative and behavioral components of external and internal sources of psychological well-being of artist. They determine the psychosemantic space of the studied phenomenon.

Practical application of the results. The findings give rise to the study of social representations of artists’ psychological well-being. These results can be used by artists to optimize their current state; by psychologists and teachers to develop psycho-corrective and psycho-prophylactic programmes aimed to increase the level of well-being through the actualization of artists’ personal resources.

Background. The article is dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the birth of Nina Fedorovna Talyzina (1923–2018) — a famous Russian (Soviet) psychologist, specialist in the field of didactics and psychology of teaching and learning, one of the students and followers of P.Ya. Galperin, author of the activity theory of learning, creator of the Department of Pedagogy and Educational Psychology at the Faculty of Psychology of Lomonosov Moscow State University.

Objectives. The focus of the article is on the restoration of the scientific biography of N.F. Talyzina as well as on the identification of the main directions of research carried out under her leadership and with her direct participation.

Methods. In this historical and psychological research, the oral and written speech es of N.F. Talyzina, as well as biographical and archival materials were analysed.

Results. The article presents the main stages of the scientific biography of N.F. Talyzina. N.F. Talyzina completed her Cand. Sci. (Psychology) thesis on the topic “Inferences in solving geometric problems” under the supervision of P.A. Shevarev at the graduate school of the Research Institute of Psychology of the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of the RSFSR (now PI RAO). After defending the thesis in 1950 she began working at Moscow University. At Lomonosov Moscow State University N.F. Talyzina made her way from assistant (1950-1952), senior lecturer (1952–1960), associate professor (1960–1963) of the Department of Psychology of the Faculty of Philosophy to the head of the Department of Pedagogy of Human ities Faculties (1963–1966), and then head of the Department of Pedagogy and Educational Psychology (1966–1995) of the Faculty of Psychology created in 1966. In 1970, N.F. Talyzina defended her doctoral dissertation on the topic “Psychological foundations of managing knowledge acquisition.” In 1989, on the initiative of N.F. Talyzina a Training Center for retraining university employees in the field of psychological and pedagogical foundations of the educational process in higher education at the Faculty of Psychology of Lomonosov Moscow State University was created. In 1995 N.F. Talyzina left the post of the head of the department and for 20 years until 2015 she remained a professor at the above-mentioned Training Center. From 2015 until the end of her life N.F. Talyzina was a leading researcher at the Laboratory of Educational Psychology at the Department of Psychology of Education and Pedagogy.

Conclusions. The ideas about the controlled formation of concepts developed by N.F. Talyzina not only received experimental testing, but were also used in organizing school and vocational instruction.

Background. A number of well-known and leading theories of psychotherapy developed in the works of S. Freud, A. Adler, K. Jung, E. Fromm, K. Rogers, and V. Frankl unites a common theoretical provision that the most important prerequisites for many problems of psychotherapy clients who seek for help from a psychologist are the characteristics of their personality. However, all these authors lack a common understanding of what these personal prerequisites are, as well as they lack a common understanding of the purpose of psychotherapy.

Objectives. In this first of the four articles planned for publication, based on the works of E. Fromm, we are going to formulate the basic theoretical provisions that constitute the basis for integrative approach to understanding the personal prerequisites of the problems of clients of psychotherapy and its purpose. This would allow us to consider the different points of view on these issues of all these authors from a unified, common position.

Results. The analysis of the theory of humanistic psychoanalysis by E. Fromm made it possible to identify its main provisions characterizing human nature, productive and unproductive personality.

Conclusions. Based on these results, we have formulated three basic theoretical positions that form the basis of an integrative approach to understanding the personal prerequisites of the problems in psychotherapy and its purpose. The first of them characterizes the objective property of human life inherent in its very nature; the second refers to the typical personal prerequisites for the problems of clients of psychotherapy; the third describes the purpose of psychotherapy. In the next three publications, it will be shown that different ideas about the personal prerequisites of the problems of clients in psychotherapy and its purpose contained in the psychotherapeutic theories of Z. Freud, A. Adler, K. Jung, K. Rogers, and V. Frankl allow for considering them from a unified, common position set by these three basic provisions.

Background. The relevance of the study is due to the need for investigating the professional development of senior schoolchildren and students under the conditions of increasing influence of stress factors.

Objectives. The study set the purpose to review and analyze modern scientific ideas on the problem of psychological resources of professional self-determination in students under stress.

Methods. Search for and analysis of recent theoretical and empirical research publications was carried out. Abstraction, and generalization of obtained data relevant to the topic of the article were applied. Methods also included identification of theoretical foundations and promising directions for research into the problem of psychological resources of professional self-determination of students under stress.

Results. Analysis of the recent publications allowed to reveal conceptual differences in understanding the phenomenon of professional self-determination of the individual. It identified a variety of approaches to the study of human professional behaviour. The authors highlighted and characterized the main directions of modern research on the topic discussed, indicating the demand for studying human professional behaviour in the changing conditions of life. The study systematized theoretical foundations and empirical data on the psychological resources for students’ professional self-determination and for overcoming life stress.

Conclusions. The study revealed the potential of a resource-based approach to the study of the stress influence on the professional self-determination of students and substantiated the role of conscious self-regulation resources in choosing and mastering a profession.

Background. The phenomenon of revenge has been widely studied in psychology since the beginning of the 20th century. Acts of revenge are considered in psychoanalysis, social, family, criminal, legal and other areas of psychology. Nowadays behaviour based on the motive of revenge is found in virtual environment. There is an ambivalent attitude towards revenge. On the one hand, a person who does not get revenge seems weak. On the other hand, seeking for revenge can be perceived as an unconstructive way of behaving. Despite the prevalence of revenge, there is no generally accepted opinion in psychological science regarding the definition of revenge.

Objectives. The aim of this work is to analyze various ideas about revenge and to highlight the components of vengeful behaviour, based on which the form of reciprocal aggression can be classified as revenge. The problem of distinguishing between the concepts of “revenge”, “retribution”, “resentment” and “punishment” is considered.

Results. Revenge has a significant difference from other forms of aggressive behaviour. Revenge is always a reaction to previous aggression. The motivational component includes two aspects: the desire to take revenge (revenge seeking) and he desire to maintain a comfortable level of self-esteem. Society has a dual function in relation to revenge: as an initial motive influencing the choice of response to resentment, and as a deterrent factor. The willingness to forgive is determined by moral development, a number of personal characteristics and changes in the motivational sphere.

Conclusions. In psychological science, the phenomenon of revenge is subjected to a thorough theoretical analysis. Due to the fact that revenge is an intrapersonal phenomenon, the development of methodological tools, including psychodiagnostic techniques, is necessary for the development of revenge research.

Background. To date, a significant number of researchers have noted the shortage of highly qualified scientific personnel employed in research organizations. It is due to a number of reasons, among which emigration of scientists to those countries where highly qualified work is paid higher can be marked. In this regard, issues related to the international mobility of postgraduate students, including educational mobility, are very important.

Objective. The study focuses on the socio-psychological characteristics of postgraduate students’ attitudes to educational migration.

Study Participants. The study involved students of postgraduate schools at research organizations involved in the training of graduate students in the field of educational sciences, as well as pedagogical universities in Moscow, St. Petersburg, and other regions of the Russian Federation. A total of 803 respondents were interviewed.

Methods. The article is based on the materials of a monitoring questionnaire.

Results. The study revealed a connection between socio-demographic factors (gender, age) and attitudes related to educational migration: men more often indicate a desire to improve their professional qualifications abroad; with age, the number of graduate students wishing to study abroad decreases. In addition, the influence of socio-stratification factors (the income level of graduate students and the educational status of the family) on attitudes towards educational migration was revealed: high-income graduate students, as well as those graduate students whose parents have academic degrees, are more focused on professional development abroad. The study also showed that migration attitudes related to temporary educational migration are significantly more widespread among graduate students than among researchers.

Conclusion. The attitudes of graduate students related to educational migration are determined by the influence of a number of socio-demographic and sociostratification factors. At the same time, studying abroad is considered as a career elevator, primarily by those postgraduate students who do not plan to link their further professional activities with scientific work and teaching at budgetary institutions. Also, the larger migration mobility has been revealed in postgraduate students as a socio-professional group in comparison with researchers.

Background. Currently, the number of entrepreneurs who want to run a traditional business or a startup is growing rapidly. In scientific circles, there is also increasing interest in the phenomenon of entrepreneurship and, in particular, in the personality of the entrepreneur. The question arises as to which areas of research in the social psychology of entrepreneurship are relevant at the moment.

Objective. The study is aimed at creating a map of scientific landscape in the field of entrepreneurship, as well as at highlighting relevant areas of entrepreneurship research in social psychology.

Methods. Scientific mapping was carried out using the VOSviewer programme version 1.6.15. A scientometric analysis of keywords from 3,235 scientific articles published in the field of social psychology over the past 5 years was carried out (according to The Lens platform). The interpretation of the map in order to highlight the current directions was made using the metaphor of the city.

Results. Current research topics include personal and environmental aspects. Among the relevant areas of entrepreneur’s research are socio-psychological personality traits (optimism, enthusiasm, perseverance, traits of the dark triad, etc.), entrepreneurial intentions, motivation. When studying entrepreneurship, the question of the choice to become an entrepreneur as well as the process of entrepreneurial self-determination are important. At the same time, at this stage of research, the thematic bundle “identity-self-determination-intentions” is of interest only from the point of view of intentions.

Conclusions. Entrepreneurship as a phenomenon in modern social psychology is of scientific interest in terms of point constructs: entrepreneurial intentions, socio-psychological personality traits, values. It is the study of entrepreneurial identity that seems promising, since it will allow to predict the professional path of young people and their predisposition to entrepreneurship.

Background. Remote work has been gaining popularity for a long time. With the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, remote work has become a necessity for many people. However, the personality traits of people for whom remote work is suitable are poorly understood.

Objectives. The study focuses on the personality traits of successful freelancers working remotely.

Study Participants. 184 Freelancers (115 females, 69 males, aged from 14 to 60) were recruited from Advego.com. Freelancers were divided into two groups of beginners and experts, based on the number of tasks completed. Groups were compared with each other. The group of experts was also compared with a group of 98 females (aged from 16 to 72) who were not freelancers.

Methods. An empirical study was carried out using a five-factor personality questionnaire by H. Tsuji in the version of A.B. Khromov.

Results. Significant differences were found between expert freelancers and women of different professions for the following personality traits: extraversion (p = 0.0001), agreeableness (p = 0.0001), openness to experience (p = 0.0001). The hypothesis that freelancers have a higher level of conscientiousness than non-freelance women was not confirmed.

Conclusions. The personality traits of freelancers who are successfully adapted to remote work are revealed including lower levels of extraversion, agreeableness, and openness to experience. The results obtained can be used to select staff for remote work.

Background. Problems of finding meaning of what is being read can accompany students’ already formed skills of fluent reading, reducing their academic success. The issues of reader’s literacy are in the focus of modern psychological and pedagogical research, and the consideration of the mechanisms of its formation at the initial stages of learning to read is therefore relevant.

Objectives. The study performs the analysis of the quality of children’s orientation in the initial period of learning to read and of the conditions for its actualization.

Study Participants. 26 subjects (6–7 years old) took part in the diagnostic examination, including 10 first-graders and 16 senior preschoolers who studied reading in the kindergarten preparatory group or as a part of preschool training. Experimental teaching for children aged 6–7 years was conducted in two preschool groups of 4 people and in one group of 6 first-graders.

Methods. The assessment of children’s capability to read meaningfully (the first part of the study) was carried out individually according to the modified technique of D.B. Elkonin “fusion of words” (Elkonin, 1998). To test and refine the designed training materials (the second part of the study), 30 half-hour classes were conducted within experimental teaching in each group.

Results. A qualitative analysis of the filled in diagnostic forms and videotaped children’s actions and reasoning allowed us to identify and describe reading strategies demonstrated by children, which we defined as formal (found in 73% of the subjects) and meaningful (27%) — in accordance with the nature of attempts to comprehend what they read, which participants resorted to in the process of deciphering the “fusion of words”. The results of our experimental teaching showed the effectiveness of the approach we developed to create some conditions for meaningful mediation of initial reading.

Conclusions. One of the important conditions for the formation of the meaningfulness in reading during the transition “from letters to words” is to provide the orientative function of referring to reality, standing both for the word itself and for the sentence in which it should be read correctly. The method of “end-forward” reading of deformed words and simplest texts, which we developed, can be considered as a resource for improving the literacy in initial reading.