Articles

Background. The consideration of event occurrence probability is a foundational element in the formation of expectations and predictions, thereby playing a pivotal role in the regulation of actions and behaviour.

Objective. The aim is to identify abnormalities in the processing of probabilistically organized stimuli and their psychophysiological markers in individuals with personality disorders.

Study Participants. The study engaged 42 participants, 21 men diagnosed with a personality disorder (Mage = 30.95, SD = 7.4) and 21 men serving as a control group (Mage = 32.26, SD = 7.06).

Methods. Participants completed the Central Cue Posner Paradigm with varying probabilities (50% and 80%) of coincidence between the target and the cue stimuli. Event-related potentials were recorded during the experiment.

Results. The differences between the groups were observed in the variations in their response patterns, which manifested as fronto-central activation in the 240–320 ms span after the target stimulus. In the control group, the amplitude in response to the invalid stimulus was higher only under the condition of an 80% probability of stimulus matching; under the condition of a 50% probability, no differences in amplitude between valid and invalid stimuli were observed. In the personality disorders group, the response to invalid stimuli exhibited a higher amplitude, irrespective of the probability of the stimuli.

Conclusions. Individuals diagnosed with personality disorders are characterized by impaired processing of probabilistically organized stimuli. This impairment manifests as a reduced use of information on the probability of an event occurring and may reflect a diminished influence of the context on information processing and increased reactivity to deviations from expectations.

Background. Economic instability and uncertainty increase the subjective perception of financial risks, creating feelings of anxiety and threat among the population. Under these conditions, there is a growing need for reliable and valid instruments for measuring financial stress adapted to the Russian cultural context.

Objective. The study aimed to adapt and psychometrically validate the Russian version of the Financial Threat Scale (FTS), designed to assess the subjective perception of economic instability and financial anxiety.

Study Participants. The study involved 555 respondents (Mage = 37.55), including 328 women (59.1%) and 227 men (40.9%).

Methods. The study employed the Russian version of the Financial Threat Scale (FTS), questionnaires measuring personality traits based on the Big Five model, the Life Orientation Test-Revised (LOT-R) for dispositional optimism, the WHO-5 Well-Being Index, the Doomscrolling Scale, as well as questions on socio-demographic characteristics, including subjective income level, gender and age.

Results. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses confirmed the one-factor structure of the scale and its high internal consistency (α = 0.914; ω = 0.915). It was found that the perception of financial threat decreases with age, income and optimism growth, and is connected to gender (higher among women). Financial threat experiencing was negatively associated with extraversion and emotional stability and positively connected to conscientiousness, reflecting the importance of emotional resilience and self-control in perceiving financial risks. The positive relationship of financial threat perception to the values on the Kantianism scale (as a part of “The Light triad” of personality) may indicate a moral and normative interpretation of financial threats. The negative association of financial threat experiencing with the WHO-5 index demonstrates the association of financial stress with a decrease in subjective well-being. The association with doomscrolling confirms the role of media consumption as a factor amplifying the perception of economic instability.

Conclusions. The Russian version of the Financial Threat Scale (FTS) demonstrated high reliability, construct, and conceptual validity, making it a suitable tool for research and applied purposes to assess the perception of financial risks, stress, and their psychological consequences in the Russian sociocultural context.

Background. The “Us — Them” concept is a fundamental element of social perception and intergroup interaction. Despite a long history of research on this phenomenon, psychological science maintains an active interest in this topic due to globalization, migration, the development of digital technologies, and the transformation of social structures in the contemporary world.

Objective. The goal is to conduct a bibliometric mapping of the publication landscape concerning the “Us — Them” dichotomy in psychological research from 2000 to 2025, analyzing its publication dynamics, conceptual structure, and key thematic areas.

Methods. Systematic retrieval and thematic synthesis without quality appraisal were applied. The study was carried out within the framework of a review and analytical approach, employing bibliometric mapping methods. The analysis of the Russian-language segment was conducted using the eLibrary.ru platform (N = 607 articles classified under “Psychology”). The English-language segment was analyzed using the Lens.org meta-platform with a multi-level semantic query incorporating disciplinary, procedural, and phenomenological layers (N = 4,424 articles post-filtering). Data visualization and cluster analysis were performed using VOSviewer software.

Results. A steady increase in publication activity was identified in both scientific segments, with a peak during 2020–2024. The findings indicate that English-language research tends toward interdisciplinarity at the intersection of psychology with neuroscience and medicine, whereas Russian-language research is more closely linked with linguistics, pedagogy, and cultural studies. Cluster analysis of keywords revealed four general research directions: 1) social identity and intergroup relations; 2) health psychology and clinical aspects; 3) cognitive and neurobiological mechanisms; and 4) digital identity and interaction in virtual environments. The analysis also noted weak trans-collaborative connectivity among research groups and a parallel development of Russian language and English language conceptual traditions.

Conclusions. The authors conclude that there is a strong positive trend in publication productivity, with dominant research areas in the studies of the “Us — Them” concept including social psychology, clinical psychology, sociology, and philosophy. A notable expansion is observed in the conceptual and categorical framework (and consequently the research problematics) towards interdisciplinary connections and the advancement of information technologies.

Background. The research is devoted to the study of solving difficult problem situations of thinking on the material of real-life problems. A real-life problem is a special object of thinking in the approach of S.L. Rubinstein, K.A. Abulkhanova-Slavskaya. The relevance of the topic is determined by the need to identify the conditions within the problem-solving process that contribute to a more effective resolution of difficult life problems.

Objective. The goal is to analyze the dynamics of intellectual emotions in solving real-life problems.

Study Participants. The study involved 90 participants: 57 women and 33 men aged 18 to 57 years, (M = 32.29; Me = 32; SD = 9.93) specialists from different professional fields who had experience in successful solving real-life problems.

Methods. The participants were offered to participate in an interview, aimed at investigating the process of solving a real-life problem. It included questions about their content and the experienced intellectual emotions at each stage of the solution and also subjective-evaluation scales to measure the expression of intellectual emotions.

Results. In the process of problem-solving related to real-life contradictions, the need to find a fundamentally new solution is activated. This need is experienced by the subject in the form of intellectual emotions corresponding to the stage of problem-solving. The process of successful resolution of the life problems is connected with the characteristic patterns of intellectual emotions dynamics, reflecting experiencing of the cognitive need to find an absolutely new solution. The expressed experience of confidence at the final stage of solving a life problem accompanies the success of solution. The most successful solution in comparison with a less successful one is determined by more pronounced surprise at the stage of problem understanding and by confidence at the stage of making a final decision and its implementation.

Conclusions. Intellectual emotions represent to the subject the potential success of the solution, performing regulatory functions. Successful problem solving, based on understanding the contradictions of real life, is characterized by special patterns in the dynamics of experiencing intellectual emotions.

Background. The study of cognitive functions in patients at high risk for psychosis is an urgent task for solving the problems of preventive intervention and early diagnosis of severe psychotic states. Previous studies describe the occurrence of cognitive impairment in patients long before the manifestation of psychosis, which suggests the high value of diagnosing cognitive functions at the early stages of mental illness.

Objective. The goal is to identify the peculiarities of cognitive functioning of patients with depression at high risk for psychosis in comparison with patients with non-psychotic depression and depressive state after the first psychotic episode.

Study Participants. The study involved 115 female patients: 44 patients with depression without psychotic symptoms (NPD); 46 patients with depression at clinical high risk for psychosis (CHR); and 25 patients depressed after a first episode psychosis (FEP).

Methods. Cognitive functions were assessed using the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS), the Similarities subtest and the Picture Completion subtest of the Wechsler test, and the Interpretation of Proverbs task. The level of formation of motivation for examination was assessed with the interaction rating scales of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test.

Results. Various cognitive impairments in the CHR group in their severity can be similar either to the NPD or FEP group or occupy an intermediate position in severity between the other two groups. The motivation for examination is harder to form in the CHR group than in other groups, though it retains its connection with cognitive functions, unlike post-psychotic states.

Conclusions. Cognitive impairments in depression with a clinical high risk of psychosis are heterogeneous and do not clearly correspond to the cognitive profiles of affective or psychotic disorders. Specific cognitive impairments in depression with clinical high risk for psychosis are independent of the expressedness of positive symptoms or deficit of motivation in cognitive activity.

Background. In the context of increasing uncertainty and information overload in modern society, the study of resilience as an internal factor mediating the success of overcoming stress and adapting to a changing reality is becoming relevant. Of particular interest is the study of the biological prerequisites of resilience, in particular the Val158Met polymorphism of the COMT gene, associated with the regulation of dopaminergic activity and individual differences in cognitive and emotional regulation.

Objectives. To study the relationship between resilience and Internet addiction in modern youth and to consider the role of the Val158Met polymorphism of the COMT gene and individual symptoms of Internet addiction in the formation of individual differences in the level of resilience.

Study Participants. The study involved 193 participants aged 18 to 25 years (Mage = 19.37; SD = 2.1; 85% women), students majoring in the humanities.

Methods. The Russian version of the Maddi's Hardiness Test, adapted by Osin, was used to assess resilience, Chen's scale adapted by Malygin and Feklisov was used to measure internet addiction, and the Information Behavior Strategies method was used to study information behavior. Genotyping of the Val158Met polymorphism of the COMT gene was performed using the PCR method.

Results. Genotype at the Val158Met polymorphism in the COMT gene was shown to predict differences in resilience after accounting for the influence of information behavior intensity and internet addiction symptom severity. Regression analysis also revealed an interaction between the genotype and indicators of destructive information behavior strategies and internet addiction symptoms.

Conclusions. The study allows us to conclude that the association between the COMT genotype and resilience manifests in the context of specific behavioral and psychological factors related to internet use.

Background. Despite the widespread application and established efficacy of both psychoeducational programmes and metacognitive training for patients with depression, the lack of direct comparative studies on their effectiveness leaves a significant gap in clinical practice.

Objective. The objective of this study is to conduct a comparative analysis of the therapeutic effects of a psychoeducational programme and metacognitive training in patients experiencing a depressive episode, recurrent depressive disorder, and bipolar affective disorder.

Study Participants. A total of 81 patients participated in the study: 29 men and 52 women, all diagnosed with a current depressive episode (mean Beck Depression Inventory score: 27.8). The mean age of participants was 30.7 years.

Methods. A comparative study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of two group interventions in inpatients with depression: metacognitive training and a psychoeducational programme. Assessments were performed at three time points: before the intervention, immediately after completion, and at a follow-up 6 months later. Psychopathological symptoms were assessed using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the Apathy Evaluation Scale, Self-rated version (AES-S), and the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R). Individual psychological characteristics were evaluated with the Dysfunctional Attitude Scale (DAS), the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS), the Metacognitions Questionnaire-30 (MCQ-30), and the Ways of Coping Questionnaire (WCQ). Data were analysed using the Mann-Whitney U test and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test.

Results. Both group interventions demonstrated a reduction in depressive symptoms immediately post-intervention and at the 6-month follow-up. Metacognitive training demonstrates superiority in correcting maladaptive metacognitions: it reduces dysfunctional beliefs, increases adaptive coping strategies (planning in problem-solving and others), and maintains its effectiveness at follow-up. The psychoeducational programme affects the reduction of belief in the need to thought control selectively.

Conclusions. Both programmes were associated with a reduction in depressive symptoms; however, metacognitive training demonstrated a more pronounced and sustained effect in modifying deeper structures, such as dysfunctional and metacognitive beliefs, which, in turn, contribute to the chronicity of depression.

Background. Experiencing positive mental states contributes to productive work in various fields of activity, and research into ways to improve work productivity while maintaining the psychological health of the individual is in demand in theoretical and practical psychology.

Objective. The purpose of the study is to study mental structures that actualise positive states in everyday and stressful situations in the dynamics of activity (using education, sports, and work as examples).

Study Participants. The study involved 246 people aged 18–25 years: 106 students from various universities, 70 catering workers, 70 athletes.

Methods. We used the following methods: D.A. Leontiev’s test of life orientations, S.R. Pantileev’s method of studying self-attitude, A.O. Prokhorov and A.V. Chernov’s method “Diagnostics of reflexive processes”, and an adapted questionnaire by A.O. Prokhorov, A.V. Klimanova “Assessment of positive mental states”. The study was conducted in the real conditions of the respondents’ activities.

Results. Patterns in the structure of mental regulation of positive mental states in everyday and stressful situations of activity, as well as the features of experiencing positive mental states depending on the types of activity, were revealed. In the educational process, life-purpose orientations are of the greatest significance; in customer service, both life-purpose orientations and reflection are important; in sports activities, aspects of the self-system are of greatest importance. Differences in the correlation structures between the components of mental regulation and mental states are established.

Conclusions. The dynamics of experiencing positive mental states in different activities at different levels of tension is a change in the dominant relationships between mental regulation and mental states, as well as a change in the characteristics of mental regulation included in the formation of relationship structures. The identified relationship structures show that the regulation of states is associated with the inclusion of consciousness structures in the regulatory process, depends on the nature of activities and changes in situations: from everyday to stressful situations.

Background. Modern sociocultural transformations increase the need for brief and valid tools for comprehensive identity diagnosis, especially among youth, who are most susceptible to social changes. The “Express Technique for the Study of Identity Constructs of Russian Youth” is currently under development as a modular technique for the empirical study of youth identity in contemporary Russia.

Objective. The first stage of testing the author’s technique including confirmation of its basic structure and the internal consistency of its subscales is the scope of this study.

Study Participants. The study involved 475 participants aged 18 to 35 years (М = 26.8, SD = 2.4) from various regions of Russia, 58% of the respondents were female and 42% of the sample were male.

Methods. For the initial evaluation of the express tool, we used the coefficient of internal consistency (Cronbach’s α), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and Pearson correlation analysis to check convergent validity.

Results. During the initial validation stage, six out of ten subscales showed acceptable internal consistency (Cronbach’s α ≥ 0.60), with four subscales exceeding the reliability threshold of 0.70, which was in line with established research standards. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the construct validity of most subscales (CFI and TLI > 0.95, RMSEA < 0.08). Inter-scale correlations revealed significant positive relationships among content-related identity constructs, confirming convergent validity. However, several subscales and individual items require additional development.

Conclusions. The initial results confirm the usefulness of the modular, express technique for studying youth identity constructs. However, the identified limitations highlight the need to refine individual items and analyse external validity and test-retest reliability indicators, which is the goal of future publications.

Background. Studying the factors influencing the behaviour of individuals and groups in the event of a clash of opinions makes it possible to improve understanding of the substantive side of the conflict situation itself, which can contribute to the development of new ways of conflict regulation. It shows that a person’s awareness of belonging to a particular group influences the behaviour in conflict situations.

Objective. The aim is to study the factors influencing the choice of a behaviour style in conflict, and the role of the importance of a group and belonging to it in choosing a style of behaviour in a conflict.

Study Participants. The study involved 86 respondents aged 18 to 20 years (Mage = 19; SD = 0.97; 79 women), psychology students and specialists of various profiles (economists, programmers, accountants, educators).

Methods. Questionnaire by K. Thomas and R. Kilmann “Defining ways of conflict management” in adaptation by N.V. Grishina was applied to assess the style of human behaviour in conflict situations along with the subjective assessment by respondents of the fact of belonging to a group and the significance of this belonging.

Results. The “importance of the group to the respondent” factor was found to be related to the choice of behaviour style in conflict in a particular group, a statistically significant effect of belonging to the group was obtained when using the strategies of competition, cooperation, compromise and adaptation, and no statistically significant effect was obtained on the avoidance style. There was no significant association between group membership and the choice of a particular behaviour style in conflict situations.

Conclusions. The indicator of the subjective importance of the group is one of the factors in choosing a style for behaviour in conflict within the group. From the results obtained, it can be assumed that the avoidance style is more closely related to other factors influencing the conflict, for example, with personal characteristics rather than with, belonging to a group.

Background. Visual impairment at various stages of ontogenesis requires the development of sensory adaptation mechanisms that ensure the preservation of cognitive activity and the ability to effectively interact with the environment. One of the key compensatory mechanisms under visual deprivation is the development of the sense of touch, which allows for partial compensation for the lack of visual information. This compensation is based on cross-modal brain plasticity processes. These processes are particularly pronounced in early visual impairment. The development of sensory substitution technologies aimed at supporting adaptive processes in the absence of visual stimulation necessitates a systematic analysis of scientific data.

Objective. The aim is to map and analytically systematise studies devoted to the role of touch in sensory adaptation in visual impairment, with an emphasis on cross-modal plasticity.

Methods. This study is a subject matter review. The database search for relevant publications was conducted in eLibrary.ru, CyberLeninka, PubMed, and Google Scholar with no year restrictions, covering the period from the works of Ivan Sechenov to research conducted in 2024. Publications were selected using keywords reflecting the issues of tactile compensation and cross-modal plasticity. This study is a subject matter review. The search for relevant publications was conducted in the eLibrary.ru, CyberLeninka, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases with no year restrictions, covering the period from the works of I.M. Sechenov to research conducted in 2024. Publications were selected using keywords reflecting the issues of tactile compensation and cross-modal plasticity. The final sample included 63 publications in the fields of neuroscience, neuropsychology, typhlopsychology, and sensory technologies.

Results. The review reveals that visual impairment is accompanied by a functional restructuring of the sensory system, in which the visual cortex becomes involved in processing tactile and auditory information. Individuals with visual impairment exhibit increased tactile sensitivity, particularly in tasks involving discrimination of shape, texture, and spatial characteristics. Sensory substitution technologies can enhance compensatory mechanisms with regular training and application.

Conclusions. Cross-modal brain plasticity is the fundamental mechanism of sensory compensation in visual impairment. The development of tactile perception and the use of sensory substitution technologies are considered factors in the cognitive, emotional, and social adaptation of blind and visually impaired individuals. The importance of early inclusion of tactile training in rehabilitation programmes is emphasised.

Background. Russian specialists lack a clear understanding of the differences between professionally important qualities (PIQs) and competencies (Cs), the study and assessment of which are referred to as the PIQ-approach and the C-approach. The lack of methodological investigation of the content of PIQs and competencies limits both the possibilities of integrating achievements across different scientific traditions and the development of a common factual basis for the discipline.

Objective. The goal is to compare the content and heuristics applied in different approaches to the assessment of the subject’s professional suitability (operating the concept of the PIQ, or PIQ-approach, and operating the concept of competence, or competency-based approach, C-approach).

Methods. Historical and theoretical analysis, subject-categorical analysis.

Results. The question of the relationship between the PIQs and competencies is not resolved in the logic of binary oppositions, outside the analysis of social and historical contexts of the use of scientific concepts. The more constructive the analysis is not of the concepts, but of the chains of interconnections of phenomena considered in certain contexts (fragments of social reality), considered as scientific problems. If professional development of a subject is chosen as the basic phenomenon, five stages are distinguished in its evolution (professional orientation; formation of professional suitability; development of professional readiness; professional maturity; stage of destructive changes in qualities). Furthermore, four groups of dialectically interconnected qualities are described: KAS (knowledge, abilities, skills) — Competencies — Professionally important qualities (PIQ) — Vital qualities (VQ). Two criteria are used to describe them: the external one — presenting the qualities to the “external observer” (psychologist, employer) and the internal one — presenting them to the “internal observer” (subject).

Conclusions. The concept of PIQ is related to the following nine concepts: profession, professional training, professional worldview, professionalism, professional ethics, professional self-awareness, value orientations, work motivation, and the meaning of work. The concept of competence correlates with the following seven concepts of work, knowledge, abilities, skills, competence (in a specific range of issues), corporate behaviour, and “focus on the task”. Further, PIQs correspond to the long-term perspective of human activity, while competence correlates with the short-term perspective, with problem solving in a given space-time (“here and now”). The two concepts under analysis are logically compatible (intersecting) and substantively consistent.

Background. The artists' profession presupposes the ability to adapt rapidly and efficiently to the changing conditions. The study of artists' well-being and their being in demand in the professional sphere is of particular relevance, as they devote a significant part of their time to creative work and professional activities. Artists find it difficult to evaluate themselves as professionals, their own creativity as well as to regulate their own state, which becomes a consequence of a low level of psychological well-being, dissatisfaction with professional realization and demand along with emotional instability. Artists with different levels of psychological well-being tend to choose different behaviour strategies in the implementation of creative activity depending on the dominant parameters of professional demand.

Objective. The aim of the study was to identify statistically significant differences in measures of professional demand between artists with different levels of psychological well-being.

Study Participants. The study involved 120 artists aged 18 to 70. The criterion for participant selecting was the education obtained in a specialized secondary or higher education institution.

Methods. "The scales of psychological well-being" by C.D. Riff in modification of D.G. Orlova and "Professional Demand for Person" (PVL) by E.V. Kharitonova and B.A. Yasko were used. Data processing included Pearson correlation coefficient, one-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA), Scheffe's method.

Results. Artists with a high level of psychological well-being in contrast to artists with medium and low levels expressed the following parameters of being in professional demand: satisfaction with the realization of professional potential, belonging to a professional community, experience of professional demand, professional competence, professional credibility, evaluation of the results of professional activity, attitude of others and self-attitude, and the general level of professional demand.

Conclusions. Statistically significant differences in the indicators of professional demand were revealed among artists with different levels of psychological well-being. They differ in their attitudes towards themselves, creative activity, realization as well as to the degree of satisfaction with demand in the professional sphere.

Background. The relevance of career choice motivation assessment is primarily related to the need to identify adolescents who need help in choosing a profession. demonstrating a sense of uncertainty and helplessness before making such a fateful decision. Russian psychodiagnostics lacks techniques for assessing motivation in profession choosing that correspond to current theoretical approaches in the psychology of motivation. The proposed questionnaire fills this gap.

Objective. The goal was to develop and approbate a Career Choice Motivation Questionnaire based on modern theoretical and methodological developments in the self-determination theory.

Study Participants. 295 high school students (156 tenth graders and 139 eleventh graders) from a Moscow school (average age M = 16.61; SD = 0.62, 41% girls, 55% boys, the rest did not specify gender).

Methods. The introduced Career Choice Motivation Questionnaire evaluates intrinsic motivation and different types of extrinsic motivation: identified, introjected, extrinsic motivation, and amotivation (5 scales, 3 items each). To assess its validity, we utilized indicators of the subjective quality of choice, satisfaction of basic psychological needs at school and at home, academic motivation and well-being. Descriptive statistics, the Mann-Whitney test, correlation analysis, multidimensional scaling, latent profile analysis, and confirmatory factor analysis were applied to process quantitative data.

Results. An analysis of psychometric characteristics, including CFA and multidimensional scaling of the questionnaire items showed that the developed questionnaire is characterized by acceptable indicators of internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha from 0.81 to 0.87) and a clear factor structure corresponding to the motivational continuum postulated in the self-determination theory. Convincing evidence has been obtained in favor of the structural and construct validity of the questionnaire. We obtained high correlations of intrinsic and identified vocational choice motivation with self-assessment of the choice quality and satisfaction with the choice, as well as with satisfaction of basic psychological needs at home and well-being.

Conclusions. The results indicate that the developed Career Choice Motivation Questionnaire is a reliable, valid and compact tool for vocational counseling and scientific research based on the self-determination theory.

Background. In the field of giftedness psychology, there remains a need to clarify how perfectionistic tendencies are linked to adolescents' internal reference points that shape their attitudes toward achievement and self-development. The study of the connotative characteristics of the personal ideal, which reflect deep value orientations and may either foster development or lead to maladaptation among intellectually gifted students is of particular importance.

Objective. The study aims to identify the relationships between different types of perfectionism and the connotative characteristics of adolescents' personal ideal in a sample of students with the signs of intellectual giftedness.

Study Participants. The study involved 92 adolescents with signs of intellectual giftedness (Mage = 14.5; SD = 0.85).

Methods. The instruments included the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (MPS), the Personal Differential technique to assess the connotative characteristics of the personal ideal, and the questionnaire "I am inspired by…".

Results. The findings revealed that socially prescribed and self-oriented perfectionism were the most pronounced. The characteristics of the personal ideal on the scales of evaluation, strength, and activity correlate positively with perfectionism indicators. Group comparisons showed that adolescents with high levels of perfectionism tended to describe their personal ideal as stronger and more positive. These results are consistent with both international and Russian research on the dual nature of perfectionism, demonstrating its connection with adolescents' systems of personal orientations.

Conclusions. Analyzing the connotative characteristics of the personal ideal in the context of perfectionism provides deeper insight into the mechanisms underlying the development of value-motivational spheres in gifted adolescents. The results have practical implications for school psychologists, educators, and specialists supporting giftedness in education, highlighting the importance of preventing maladaptive forms of perfectionism and supporting constructive aspirations in students.