The article characterizes the scientific activity of B. M. Teplov, one of the largest Russian psychologists of the XX century, the founder of four scientific schools in Russian psychology. Identifies the key stages of his life and creativity, emphasizes his fundamental contribution to the development of such areas of psychology as the psychology of abilities, differential psychophysiology, military psychology, history of psychology, methodology of anthropology. Special attention is paid to historical-methodological and scientific-pedagogical activity of B. M. Teplov, who made a significant contribution to the development of psychological knowledge and University education in the country, as well as training at MSU psychologists of the highest qualification.

In this article the history of the formation of military-psychological knowledge, in Russia, is analyzed. The basic stages of development of military-psychological theory and practice are explored. The characteristics of the object and purpose of military psychology is explained. Military psychology’s place in the system of science is shown. Proof is given of the general and special problems of military psychology.

The study is devoted to the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation the problem of effective professional adaptation of the growing contingent of military women taking into account peculiarities of value, motivational, semantic spheres of their personal organization. The pilot study helped to identify and statistically confirm three significant levels in the structure of motivation of professional activity of military women. The key motivational determinants of successful professional activity are outlines.