Articles

Development of psychology of computerization, initiated by O.K. Tikhomirov, is traced and analyzed. The psychology of computerization deals with the specifics of the impact of computers on transformation of psychic processes and functions, as well as with the Artificial Intelligence models and concepts being compared to human thinking processes. This field of research is an essential component of the personal meanings theory of thinking, was also originated by O.K. Tikhomirov. The paper states that the current stage of the psychology of computerization is characterized by the studies of the modern information technologies’ impact on the sociocultural transformations in their psychological aspects. The paper contains the developing nomenclature of research problems have been investigated within the period of over two decades, and the perspective to give an adequate term to this field of research.

This fact was successfully investigated both theoretically and experimentally. It was shown that motivation determines the various aspects of thinking: the goalsetting strategy, the perspective goalsetting, emotional regulations, the relation between concrete and abstract components, egocentric features. The most important point of motivational influences is connected with the moment of motivational conflict. This conflict may switch the thinking of the subject from cognition to the special personal activity. This kind of thinking activity may be defined as a conceptualization of conflict personality meanings.

The studies held within the O.K. Tikhomirov’s school in psychology of thinking pro vide an approach toward solving the following problem: what are the actual positions and the roles the emotions play in human thinking processes, and in general — in the systemic interactions between human beings and the universe. The paper says that human emotions reflect, or provide dynamic models of such properties of the elements of the external world, which represent neither specific subjects nor objects, but instead belong to the psychological system «active human being in the universe». The correspondence between a human being and the universe is reflected in emotions and in systemic psychological properties, such as meanings, senses, and values. The paper discusses psychological mechanisms of emotional reflection of these properties.

In the article is submitted the comparative analysis of the problem of understanding and research of the creative thinking, describing three approaches: the personal meanings theory of thinking (O.K. Tikhomirov), the theory of problem situations (A.M. Matjushkin), approach of Ya.A. Ponomarev. The affinity of maintenance of these theories is shown in aspect of statement of researching questions to study the creative thinking and their decisions.

The article deals with the semantic theory of thinking worked out by O.K. Tikhomirov which is considered a unique epistemological phenomenon. By means of its development the theory demonstrates the assimilation of three types of scientific rationality beginning with classical type, passing to non- classical and then to post- non- classical. It is stated in the article that the transspective analysis allows the investigator to examine the formation of scientific theory and to reveal the reasons which determine the “paradigm shifts” taking place in psychology and which are connected with the objective tendencies of the development of scientific knowledge. The article shows the real examples of the ways how the theory falsifies itself forcedly producing the facts, which can be explained only by means of the transition to the new level of its system organization. In accordance with the facts mentioned we can observe the rise of the level of professionalpsychological thinking.

In article influence of personal meanings theory of thinking of O.K. Tikhomirov on studies of consciousness and selfunderstanding is discussed. Proves, that processes of become aware of himself are indissolubly connected with formation of operational senses. The sense is considered as cognitive a phenomenon caused by knowledge the person receives during thinking. At the same time the sense is also such generation of existential experience of the subject which is based on comprehension of limitation by it cognitive rational schemes of knowledge of the world. Affirms, that the most perspective direction of psychological research of a problem of selfunderstanding is the combination cognitive and existential ways of the analysis of generation of sense.

In this paper the features of O.K. Tikhomirov’s approach to human reasoning are discussed. These features are connected with the interpretation of conscious as a system, with the unity of the fields of intellect and senses, with the dynamical interaction of cognitive and personal formations. The author pays attention to the sources of the modern psychology of decision making, which one can find in of personal meanings theory of thinking. It is mentioned in the paper, that O.K. Tikhomirov appealed not only to the methodology of cultural_historical and activity approaches, but also to other methodological conceptions (for instance, K. Popper’s), which support the idea of the pluralism of human’s reasoning.

The contribution of the O.K. Tikhomirov’s school in the field of psychology of thinking is analyzed, and the main elements of the personal meanings theory of thinking are presented: namely, personalityrelated determination of thinking, regulative function of emotions, actual genesis of goalsetting and senseformation processes, creative thinking, and the impact of information technologies on the transformations of intellectual and communicative activities.

The article reconstructs the stages of O.K. Tikhomirov’s scientific work. The main attention is paid to programs of studies of human thinking activity. The substance of the personal meanings theory of thinking is exposed. The contribution of O.K. Tikhomirov’s school to the development of A.N. Leontiev’s psychological activity theory is defined.

Зинченко Ю.П. Олег Константинович Тихомиров — профессор факультета психологии Московского университета.

Background. The growing interest in the historical development of social systems requires an assessment of the possibilities for a quantitative comparison of psychological characteristics in a person and society of different eras.

Objective. The study aims to reveal the structure of social values and features of contemporary images according to verbal and visual texts of the cultures in the past.

Methods. Behavior characteristics describing G. Hofstede’s basic cultural dimensions (Hofstede, 1980) were used to encode texts. Psychosemantic assessment of the works of art perception was carried out with the use of a scale based on the multifaceted Five Factor Model of personality by P. Costa, R. McCrae (FFM; NEO-PI-R questionnaire adapted by V.E. Orel et al.) and the scale of individual image perception in media communication by L.V. Matveeva et al.

Sample. A) Ancient Greek and Roman texts of 7^th c. BC — 4^th c. AD, Old Russian texts of 11^th–17^th centuries, Byzantine texts of 5^th–15^th centuries and texts of medieval European culture according to the 17^th c. — a total of 205 separate texts.

B) Visual stimulus material on cultures: Ancient Greece (7^th–1th c. BC); Ancient Rome (7th c. BC — 4th c. AD); Byzantium (5^th–15^th cc.); Russia (11–19 cc.); Europe (9^th, 11^th–17^th cc.) was assessed by respondents of different ages from 14 to 70 (N = 68).

Results. Reliability analysis and confirmatory factor analysis generally supported the structure of the five-factor model of personality and the basic dimensions of culture by G. Hofstede on the material of historical texts and works of art. The least stable dimensions are Hofstede’s Masculinity and Openness to Experience factors of the personality model. An exploratory factorial analysis of data on historical texts yielded a factor structure reflecting specific aspects of Hofstede’s dimensions. In general, the correlations between personality traits and basic cultural dimensions described by G. Hofstede and R. McCraе (Хофстеде, МакКрэй, 2010) are reproduced. The differences mainly relate to the FFM factor “Extraversion”. The features of social situations described in historical narratives that are not fixed by the characteristics of behavior that describe the basic dimensions of culture according to Hofstede are discussed.

Conclusion. The subdimensions of modern models of personality and cultural values make it possible to obtain a fairly adequate quantitative assessment of the cultures of the past.

Background. In recent years, the resting state of the subject in the absence of obvious external sensory stimuli and cognitive tasks has become the subject matter of extensive study. Interest in studying the subjective aspect of calm wakefulness has increased since the emergence of neuroimaging studies indicating the existence of a cerebral network that increases its activity in resting state. There is a variety of methodological approaches to assess the content of the stream of thoughts in calm wakefulness. The issue of elaborating a universal tool to register the subjective aspect of the restful state remains relevant.

Objective. The study aims to analyze the existing methodological approaches to the research of the subjective part of the resting state.

Methods. Review and analysis of existing research into the content of the stream of thoughts in calm wakefulness.

Results. Studies of the free stream of consciousness in a state of calm wakefulness, such as questionnaires, structured interview, reports on the current state at the time of a random signal have been analysed in the current work.

Conclusion. The conducted literature review demonstrated the methodological diversity of assessment approaches to the subjective aspect of the restful state, and also showed the need to take into account various factors affecting the reliability of the results obtained. The necessity of applying additional methods to solve specific research problems as well as the possibility of developing a high-quality universal diagnostic tool to analyze the content of the stream of consciousness in rest are being discussed.

Relevance. The question of the role of the feelings of guilt in the rehabilitation process of people whose parents were alcohol addicts remains controversial. In cognitive behavioral therapy, the feeling of guilt is associated with taking the responsibility. In the humanistic approach, the feelings of guilt and shame are considered as emotions that hinder the acceptance of responsibility and the search for social support. The study of the experience of the feelings of guilt can help formulate the goals of rehabilitation and identify the resource factors of people whose parents were alcohol addicts.

Objective. The purpose of this study was to study the relationship between the responsibility and the feelings of guilt experienced by people whose parents were alcohol addicts.

Methods. Sample: 1) people whose parents were alcohol addicts (N = 52; M age = 24.5); 2) control group (N = 50; M age = 24.2). We used a phenomenological analysis of the statements of the participants in the twelve-step recovery program, “The Interpersonal Guilt Questionnaire” (O'Connor, Berry), “The Guilt Inventory Questionnaire” (Kugler, Jones), “Coping strategies” (Lazarus, Folkman), the content analysis of the family resource factors.

Results. People whose parents suffered from chronic alcoholism characterize the feelings of guilt as a familiar family process, as a result of increased responsibility for other people, as a result of taboo aggression towards their parents and as a result of experiencing a real or expected loss of their parents. An increased feeling of guilt is associated with avoiding finding a solution to a problem and is not associated with taking increased responsibility. Resource factors contributing to overcoming the feeling of guilt: keeping a diary, self-observation of negative emotions, communication with friends and healthy relatives, participation in rehabilitation programs. The participants in the control group are less inclined to experience the feelings of guilt and shame, and identify the confidential communication with family and friends, and sport as resource factors.

Conclusions. The feelings of guilt experienced by people whose parents were alcohol addicts is not associated with the acceptance of increased responsibility for their lives and does not contribute to the acceptance of the social support.

The Savoring Beliefs Inventory (SBI) is a measure to assess individuals’ beliefs about their capacity to savor positive life experience. Studies showed positive association of savoring with happiness and well-being. The Russian adaptation of the SBI will help to expand research in the fields of psychological well-being and emotion regulation.

Objective. The present study aimed to validate the Russian version of the SBI and determine its factorial structure.

Method. The participants were 490 adults mainly from Moscow. The following measures were used: the Russian version of the SBI, the life orientation test, the attributional style questionnaire, the Rosenberg self-esteem scale, the gratitude scale, the positive and negative affect scale, the satisfaction with life scale, the subjective happiness scale, and the Riff’s scale of psychological well-being.

Results. Confirmatory factor analysis has supported the theoretically expected three-factor structure of the measure. Three factors of savoring the moment, anticipation and reminiscence were moderately related. The validity of the methodology is confirmed by correlations of savoring with indicators of psychological well-being, happiness, dispositional optimism, optimistic attributional style for positive events, gratitude, positive affect, life satisfaction and self-esteem. All three subscales of savoring and total savoring score showed high level of internal consistency. The convergent and structural validity of the method was proved.