Articles

The aim of the article is to introduce the concept of personality and character which is based on the activity theory approach by A.N. Leontiev. The introductory part of the work gives a short history of characterology whose analysis reveals apparent uncertainty in understanding the subject matters of character psychology and personality psychology. They are directly (character) or indirectly (personality) confined to a person’s psychic individuality. However, the specific content of this individuality appears to be so broad and various that characterology starts losing its clear contours while personality does not find any generally accepted definition. In the framework of the developed concept, personality is regarded as a structure of life meanings while character is seen as an instrumental level which accepts life meanings for performance and implements them in human actions. Nonidentity of the two studied formations is shown: they are different in terms of content, function in human psychics, units of structure, general construction and genesis. Some examples are given based on the data of ethnic psychology. They show how a sense formation which is the same for different nations is realized through unequal characterological techniques. On the other hand, a few sense formations can be expressed by a single action or stereotype. In conclusion problems of correlation between personality and character and the source of their generation are discussed.

This article presents the study of military personnel coping behaviour during the first stage the Armed Forces reforming. The investigation of the main stress factors in organizational environment, description of the frequently used coping behaviour models, perception of the quality of life and overall situation in the army have been done. The results show that the different perception of the socio-economic situation and innovation processes connected with the coping models efficiency, which is indirectly reflected in the job satisfaction level. The supporting coping resources are: motivational trend to continue chosen professional activity and socially oriented coping behaviour.

Results of research of ideas of time are given in article at 63 schoolchildren (14— 16 years) and 68 students (21—23 years), divided into 3 groups: with the expressed motivation of achievement (MD), with the expressed motivation of avoiding of failure, with not expressed motivational pole. Th e analysis of results of respondents by C. Osgud’s technique «Semantic diff erential» and a projective technique «Draw time» revealed distinctions of data of groups on such indicators, as ideas of the present, an emotional sign of estimates of an image of time and its components, level of the concept of time, a form of the image of time, a ratio of estimates of the present and the future. Th e conclusion is drawn that idea of respondents of time can serve prediktory MD; the obtained data can be used in psychodiagnostics and consultative psychological aid to schoolchildren and students.

This article discusses the effectiveness of using art therapeutic methods for facilitation of creative activity of older people as a condition of constructive development during late adulthood. Taking into consideration advantages and features of art therapy in gerontopsyhological practice art therapy program was developed. We hypothesized that inherent in the program, gradual complication and enriching of art therapy sessions should lead to creativity and the progressive development of the individual participants of these studies. 80 respondents aged 57—80 years took part in the study. Analysis of the results showed that the use of art therapy techniques noted actualization of new positive personal sense of life and activity, the harmonization of psychophysical wellbeing, improve self-image, and create conditions for the actualization of life experience. 

The paper presents a study of choice process and parameters of its subjective construction in real life situations of different scale of importance. Qualitative and quantitative features of “fateful” (F) and “everyday” (E) choice situations were compared, in each situation the connection was found between qualitative parameters of choice activity with stable personality variables, an attempt was made to allocate different types of choice activity in these situations. The results obtained on a sample of 74 students (55 females and 18 males) of age 17—25 (median age = 18.7; SD = 1.09) with the use of 3 basic and 8 additional questionnaires allowed to make a conclusion about the essential qualitative and quantitative differences between situations of F and E choice. 

Real-life identities may differ from “virtual” identities presented in social networks. Many social networkers construct diverse (more than one) virtual identities, which differ by numerous parameters. Two or more identities constructed by a social networker we call alternative identities. Empirical study is based on a case developed by the Harvard Good Play Project; semi-structured interviews were held with 42 participants (social networkers) in three age groups (15—17, 18—21, 22—25; equal number of females and males in each group). Computer content analysis, narrative analysis of the interview materials and variance analysis were done. Results refer to reasons for and attitudes towards construction of alternative identities; age and gender differences are analyzed. 

The article is devoted to the interethnic relations in a multicultural environment through self-identification and perception of other ethnic groups, and the reflection of these relations in language in the form of stereotypes, personifications and nationality words. The authors focus their attention on the history of the issue of linguistic and psychological reality interaction within culture; observe some stereotypes of the English-speaking world exemplify the perception of the British and Americans by themselves and each other; introduce national and cultural peculiarities of ethnic stereotypes in the English-speaking world; give examples of modern search for possible ethno-psycholinguistic ways of settling ethnic conflicts. 

The article raises a question about the possibility of appealing to the Husserl’s phenomenology as to the philosophical base of the research of reflection in psychology. The key concepts of the Husserl’s phenomenology are presented. The connection between consciousness, awareness and reflection is outline. Systematized presentation of Husserl on the types of reflection, the results of a simple (natural) and transcendent (phenomenological) reflection, as well as the conditions of its manifestations. Undecided problems, imposes restrictions on the psychological study of reflection from a position of phenomenology, are identified. 

The article continues the discussion of complex social and cultural motivating systems, which took start in the author’s previous paper. The ideas of social and cultural motivation in sociology, ethnomethodology and narrative approach are analyzed. Relying on M. Foucault’s concept of ‘dispositif’ and on the numerous data, collected in sociology, social psychology, studies of culture and narrative therapy, a three-level model of social and cultural motivating is suggested, which distinguishes between the basic level of a dispositif, it’s conscious level and the actual social field. The model makes it possible to coordinate different mechanisms of social motivating. 

The article is devoted to the mental attitude, implicit models and basic metaphors, which make specifics of a paradigm in any psychological theory. The author describes the social climate and moral values within that the psychological theories had been created. 

The publication contains the author's annotations for the best diploma work performed at the faculty of psychology of Lomonosov Moscow State University in 2012.

The publication contains the author's annotations for the best diploma work performed at the faculty of psychology of Lomonosov Moscow State University in 2011.

This article was first mentioned modification projective technique “Colour Mirror” for iPad called “Tsvetomer of Personality”. The investigation of the psychometric equivalence of two forms of colour techniques, paper and iPad, is presented. Discussed in detail the differences and advantages of using the computer version. The sample layout and procedure implementation are describes. Test-retest reliability of the figures obtained by the integral scales (the accuracy of answers, energetic level of personality, stress resistance) and other parameters (the preferred colures, personality structure) are represented. Comparison of the results of a double test in three groups (on paper and on iPad, twice on iPad, twice on the paper) speaks in favor of a homogenous group. Test results on iPad are considered similar, but not completely equivalent to the results of testing by the method of paper “Colour Mirror”. 

Goal — formation of ideas about future careers and the realization of their students ready for the socio-professional and personal fulfi llment. Th e subjects were 4th year students specializing in the psychology department of work and engineering psychology. Th e study was conducted in the conditions of the special workshop on “Professiografy”. Organization workshop was aimed at providing students a complete orienting basis of planning, organization and execution of professional activities. Th e program included four successively given training phase. Before teach stage of case studies preceded study of scientifi c literature and a discussion. Completion of each task were corrected and discussed. Th is resulted in redefi ning the individual experience of the students own work and to form an idea of the future and the knowing its psychological and professional readiness.