Articles

The psychoanalytical theory of object relations along with the subsequent theory of structural changes served as basis for the following research. The intrapsychic field of personality’s object relations is formed in the process of internalization of significant objects, relationships and their corresponding affects. The following article is dedicated to empirical testing of the main assumptions underlying the psychoanalytic theory of structural change. The objective of this research was to evaluate in a structured way the dynamics of reorganization of object relations and intrapsychic structures of the personality of the subject undergoing psychoanalysis. The evaluation was based on the method of differentiated semantic categories. The results of the semantic analysis of the dynamics of intrapsychic changes confirmed main hypothesis: namely that in the process of psychoanalysis there is a reorganization of internal object relations; psychoanalytic work brings about intrapsychic transformations in personality, specifically, the indicator of the psychic structure Ego increases while at the same time the indicators of psychic structures Id and Super-Ego decrease.

The empirical study was carried out to check the hypothesis that myopia can influence the development of self-attitude features of teenagers and youths. 50 participants took part in the study (30 myopic participants — 12 males and 18 females, and 20 participants with normal eyesight — 8 males and 12 females) from 15 to 20 years old, senior pupils and students. Projective methods and inventories were used: the nonexistent animal figure test, self-portrait picture test, S.R. Pantileev’s methodic of self-attitude measurement (questionnaire), and self- attitude scoring questionnaire developed by us. The results of the study confirm the hypothesis and show that myopic teenagers and youths has specific features of self-attitude, such as the disposition towards self-criticism, negative attitude towards characteristics of self, the decline of communicational self-attitude and communicational activity, the tendency to deep intelligent reflection of self with great attention toward weaknesses. Moreover, myopic respondents show rigid and extreme scores of self-attitude, passiveness in communication, sensitivity towards other people’s scores. It was shown, that self-attitude of myopic teenagers resembles that of blind and visually impaired people. It was also shown that myopic teenagers are more self-critical and tend to negative evaluation of themselves as communicational partners.

The purpose of the study was to identify significant aspects of the initial work experience through qualitative analysis of mini-essays on the theme: “Working situation that I could not manage. Working situation that I was able to cope. My conclusions”. Respondents — 5th year full-time students one of the Moscow higher educational institutions (29 women and 9 men), finishing a degree in “Management”. All respondents had the initial work experience (within the workplace practices, in public organizations, children’s summer camps, commercial structures, etc.). Analyzing only texts that were composed in strict accordance with instructions. Main results: 1) Principal issue of mini-essays was the personal aspects of business interaction (with superiors, colleagues, business partners, customers). 2) The central phenomenon was the relation between the “Self ” and the professional role, personal ability or inability focusing on work problems and psychologically distancing from the value judgments of partners in interaction. 3) Respondents` conclusions (final judgments) were of two kinds – related to “work situation» (the behavior throughout the conflict situation, a work adaptation, the image of the superior, internal resources for conflict resolution, the style of own behavior) and related to “personal growth” (relation between the “Self ” and the professional role, self-organization and self-regulation skills, value orientations).

In this study tables a question of the interhemispheric language reorganization in aphasics. The 27 left brain-damaged patients after stoke and trauma took part in this study. Two groups of fluent and non-fluent aphasics were studied. The acute aphasia group (n=11) 2—6 months post-onset. The acute group included 7 non-fluent and 4 fluent patients. The chronic aphasia group (n=16) at mean 24 months post-onset — 3 non-fluent and 13 fluent aphasics. All the patients were between 21—65 years old. The results of Luria’s neuropsychological diagnosis battery (special attention was paid to solving right hemisphere tasks as recognition of objects and letters in a highly distracted field, mental rotation, faces recollection etc.), the severity of aphasia and a dichotic listening task have been surveyed. The results: 1) The left ear effect occurred in both groups. 2) This effect was more typical for temporal brain damage patients. 3) All the patients had neurophyshological syndromes that included apart from left hemisphere symptoms some right hemisphere ones. 4) The degree of the left year effect did not changed significantly during the course of neurorehabilitation. Conclusion: the right hemisphere advantage in language perception was found at the early stage after post-onset. It is believed that this effect is the evidence of spontaneous evolution of aphasia.

The article presents the results of a longitudinal population-based neuropsychological study of the development of higher mental functions (HMF) in primary school children from Grades 1 through 3 of Moscow secondary school (n=84). The dynamics of HMF components in the sample in general and in groups of children with different (measured in the 1st grade) level of HMF (high, medium, low) was followed with the help of seven indexes that reflect the status of the individual components of HMF, such as executive functions (voluntary regulation of activity), serial organization of movements and actions, processing of kinesthetic, auditory, visual and visual-spatial information, regulation of activation. The study showed a positive dynamics in the overall state of structural-functional components of HMF in the examinees. Groups of children with different baseline levels of HMF steadily kept the differences in the degree of development of HMF components in each evaluation, despite the fact that the highest dynamics of HMF components was found in children with initially low, and the lowest — in children with initially high levels of HMF components. Among the components the lowest dynamics was found in the development of voluntary regulation, that is, the functions of programming, regulation and control of activity. No significant dynamics of these functions from the first to the third grade in children with high baseline functioning may be related to the fall of their learning motivation as their learning proceeds in the Zone of actual and not proximal development.

In this paper, we report the results from an empirical study that used a college students sample (n=304, Mean=19.49, SD=2.11; 206 females, 98 males) and investigated the relationship among rigidity variables, acceptance of uncertainty (tolerance/intolerance for uncertainty, risk readiness), rationality and reflexivity, intelligence (analytical and practical), and creativity. We used the following measures: The New Tolerance for Uncertainty Questionnaire, Personality Factors of Decision Making, Tomsk Rigidity Questionnaire, Reflexivity-27 Questionnaire, and the ROADS battery. We tested a set of hypotheses regarding the positive relationships between rigidity and a set of variables that included rationality, reflexivity, and intolerance for uncertainty, regarding the relationships between creativity and tolerance for uncertainty, risk readiness, and rigidity, as well as regarding the relationships between personality variables and academic achievement (GPA). We found that verbal creativity was positively related to reflexivity and negatively — with attitudinal rigidity. Crystallized intelligence was positively related to both academic achievement and creativity. Fluid intelligence was negatively related to rationality, and although both intelligence measures were positively inter-correlated, fluid intelligence was not related to creativity. We also showed that creativity is a positive predictor of achievement, whereas premorbid rigidity is a negative one; tolerance for uncertainty, creativity, and rationality were not related to achievement. However, reflexivity was related to creativity measured with the “Creative Stories” task: higher creativity was related to higher personality reflexivity and low attitudinal rigidity. Intolerance for uncertainty and risk readiness, on the other hand, are negatively related to achievement in college students.

From the standpoint of transspektiv approach examines trends in the development of the problem of consciousness in science, which is at an early stage of transition to a new paradigm settings post-nonclassical level. The basic controversy that arose in the classical and nonclassical stage of development psychology of consciousness. Argues that the resolution of these contradictions must use thinking of a higher system level, a fact that leads to the tendency of transition of science to the new paradigm of science settings. We consider three factors that determine the current status of the problem of consciousness. One of them is due to the peculiarities of social development, by which the problem of consciousness is today one of the most important problems. The second factor is due to changes in the structure of scientific knowledge, which show that the multi-disciplinary approach begins to transform into a trans-disciplinary campaign, thus ensuring the integration of science and human knowledge needed to solve the problem of consciousness. The third factor is the internal tendencies of development of psychological science. Showing the stages of evolution of psychological thinking: stand features one-dimensional binary logic inherent in classical science, binary-ternary logic, which uses non-classical psychology. In a multi-dimensional logic, which develops post-nonclassical science, man is viewed as a complex spatiotemporal organization, open to the world and to himself self-developing system, and consciousness does not open in a discrete part (as a functioning body), and in its continuity and long-range. In the post-nonclassical perspective meanings appear as special psychological structures that provide substantive content of consciousness and suggest ways in which people can act, realizing sense and the value of their actions.

This paper presents a new class of noninvasive brain-computer interfaces based on user’s silent counting of homogeneous visual stimuli, without defining separate classes of target and non-target stimuli (the “single-stimulus” paradigm), at an average (asynchronous) rate of about 2 stimuli per second and with counting that started immediately after moving the gaze to the stimulus presentation area. Interface’s operation was modeled by applying a linear classifier to EEG signals obtained from healthy participants, in rest condition and after moving their gaze to the stimulus presentation position. A response time of 2 second after the beginning of saccade was demonstrated, which is exceptionally fast comparing to typical results known for the existing noninvasive brain-computer interfaces. This result creates a basis for the development of efficient hybrid eye-brain-computer interfaces, considering that integration of the proposed EEG-based interfaces with the analysis of visual fixations and saccades can further improve recognition of the user’s intentional commands.

In the memory of Yuriy Konstantinovich Strelkov.

In article the characteristic of criminality of minors (a condition and tendencies) in Republic Kazakhstan, ways of psychological profi ling and correction of teenagers with criminal behavior is given.

The article presents the results of investigation of a study of motivational readiness and competency of the graduate teaching high school for future careers. Th e main indicators of readiness: 1) presence of a positive professional motivation (PM); 2) positive expert opinion leaders about the practice bases of formation and manifestation of student competence in the implementation of professional activities; 3) the successful delivery of the student fi nal examinations. Trends in the PM of students during the period of teaching practice were identifi ed with the help of “Motivation techniques of professional activity” by K. Zamfi r in the modifi cation of A. Rean. To determine the success of the internship was used developed by the authors “list of expert assessments”, which includes job practices and competencies generated in the process of learning activities. These procedures allow tracking of the respondents (n=9) identify a positive trend in the change of PM and competence exhibited by them in the course of teaching practice. It is concluded that the possibility of using this technique in any pedagogical high school and has a profi le of preparation, “Applied Psychology in Education”.

The article cites the work of justifying the legality of the search dependencies between morphometric indicators of MT and indicators of functional asymmetry of the brain. In the experimental studies aimed at the investigation of these dependencies, with mixed results. Studies on the eff ect of the male hormone on the size of MT are analyzed in the fi rst section. In the second section of the article discusses the work of trying to fi nd regularities between the size of MT and the degree of functional asymmetries. Th e results of these studies are interesting in the discussion about the function (braking and/or exciting) MT and its infl uence on the formation of anatomical and functional asymmetries. Of particular interest are the works of the third section, as they assumptions of dependence of the size of MT from the coincidence of speech and manual asymmetries.

There is a growing interest in psychiatry and somatic medicine to the cognitive approach in psychology was associated with an increased interest in the psychological and behavioral factors involved in the etiology and pathogenesis of hypochondriacal disorders (HD). Th e paper gives a review of modern psychological approaches to hypochondriasis. First, we analyze the role of psychological phenomena in the diagnostics of HD demonstrating necessity of hierarchical and system relationships between development and dynamics of unexplained somatic symptoms, generalized anxiety and health anxiety. Second, four factors possibly precipitating, triggering or perpetuating disease are analyzed: somatosensory amplifi cation, health anxiety, motivational and personality factors, illness behavior, “hypochondriac” discourse adopted in contemporary society. The dynamics of hypochondriacal symptoms when each of the four factors dominate in the clinical picture is discussed from body regulation psychology approach and cultural-historical approach in psychosomatics. Possibilities of developing and validating a psychological model of hypochondriasis are suggested.

This article presents the results of the formative experiment on the develop- ment of emotional intelligence (EI) for future psychologists. Тhe results of the experiment were obtained by socially-psychological training. 102 psychology students of third and fourth course of studies of the Sevastopol Institute of Humani- ties took part in the scientifi c research (52 — the experiment group, 20 — control group). Th e training program include theoretical part which about the problems of emotion and EI and the practical part which content tasks and exercises, which used for development of EI, actor faculties and identity track. Developed by author tasks and exercises are also used. Th e next methodologies were used for EI diagnostics before and aft er training: N. Hall’s technique of estimation of EI, D. Lusin’s test “EmIn”, V. Boyko’s Communicative tolerance methodology, the authors’ modifi cation of G. Dale’s methodology “Th e Facial Meaning Sensitive Test”. Under the infl uence of socially-psychological training on development of emotional intelligence there was an expansion of emotional experience of students that, in turn, has led to decrease in control of emotions.

The task of this study was an analysis of the diff erent features of memory and of their relationship with the data of magnetic resonance spectroscopy. According to the results of neuropsychological examination we identifi ed options for detailed analysis of mnestic activities (through forms of memorization, types of errors and others) that enhance the structural characteristics of the memory obtained by means of neuroimaging. Th e subjects were 20 women aged 24 to 75 years, mostly over 52 years. Th e magnetic resonance spectroscopy data were analyzed through the age of the subjects and areas of the brain. We analyzed the components of the spectrum: Glutamine; Glycine; Glycerophosphocholine; Creatine; N-acety aspartate/Malate; Methionine; N-acetyl aspartate; Proline; Lactate/Th reonine. Th e signifi cant diff erences were found, that indicate the possible role of the right inferior parietal cortex in mnestic activities (we identifi ed numerous signifi cant correlations of memory parameters with the spectrum of N-acetyl aspartate in this region). We found also the relations between the mnestic activities and the spectra Glycerophosphocholine and Creatine in the left hippocampus: an increase in their concentration correlates with improved productivity and stability of memorization, as well as a decrease of errors. Lactate, Th reonine in the right hippocampus are likely to have the opposite eff ect on mnestic activity – the corresponding signifi cant correlations were found.