Lomonosov Psychology Journal, 2014, 3, 128.

In the article the contemporary state of the problem of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation of human activity is analyzed. The impact of Russian psychologists in its solving as well as the self-determination theory approach (E. Deci & R.Ryan) to different types of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation is discussed. A new model of intrinsic and different types of extrinsic motivation is proposed; it is based upon notion of basic psychological needs and allows characterizing main types of motivation of human activity, which differ in their content and origin. The intrinsic motivation is described as based on basic human needs in achievement, self-development and cognition (on the material of intrinsic motivation of learning activity) which are characterized by unsaturability. The functioning of extrinsic motivation depends upon satisfaction or frustration of autonomy, respect and acceptance needs. Two main subtypes of extrinsic motivation are distinguished — autonomous and controlled, which differ in terms of its content (orientation), relations with performance, persistence and subjective well-being. Autonomous extrinsic motivation does nоt impede academic attainments, professional achievements and subjective well-being. The studies conducted by the author and other psychologists show that the dominance of controlled motivation in motivational profile is related to lowered subjective well-being and does not promote academic and professional achievements. The practical implications of the model are provided.

The psychoanalytical theory of object relations along with the subsequent theory of structural changes served as basis for the following research. The intrapsychic field of personality’s object relations is formed in the process of internalization of significant objects, relationships and their corresponding affects. The following article is dedicated to empirical testing of the main assumptions underlying the psychoanalytic theory of structural change. The objective of this research was to evaluate in a structured way the dynamics of reorganization of object relations and intrapsychic structures of the personality of the subject undergoing psychoanalysis. The evaluation was based on the method of differentiated semantic categories. The results of the semantic analysis of the dynamics of intrapsychic changes confirmed main hypothesis: namely that in the process of psychoanalysis there is a reorganization of internal object relations; psychoanalytic work brings about intrapsychic transformations in personality, specifically, the indicator of the psychic structure Ego increases while at the same time the indicators of psychic structures Id and Super-Ego decrease.

In this study tables a question of the interhemispheric language reorganization in aphasics. The 27 left brain-damaged patients after stoke and trauma took part in this study. Two groups of fluent and non-fluent aphasics were studied. The acute aphasia group (n=11) 2—6 months post-onset. The acute group included 7 non-fluent and 4 fluent patients. The chronic aphasia group (n=16) at mean 24 months post-onset — 3 non-fluent and 13 fluent aphasics. All the patients were between 21—65 years old. The results of Luria’s neuropsychological diagnosis battery (special attention was paid to solving right hemisphere tasks as recognition of objects and letters in a highly distracted field, mental rotation, faces recollection etc.), the severity of aphasia and a dichotic listening task have been surveyed. The results: 1) The left ear effect occurred in both groups. 2) This effect was more typical for temporal brain damage patients. 3) All the patients had neurophyshological syndromes that included apart from left hemisphere symptoms some right hemisphere ones. 4) The degree of the left year effect did not changed significantly during the course of neurorehabilitation. Conclusion: the right hemisphere advantage in language perception was found at the early stage after post-onset. It is believed that this effect is the evidence of spontaneous evolution of aphasia.

To the 90th anniversary of Nina Fedorovna Talyzina.

The publication contains the author's annotations for the best diploma work performed at the faculty of psychology of Lomonosov Moscow State University in 2013.

The article presents the results of a longitudinal population-based neuropsychological study of the development of higher mental functions (HMF) in primary school children from Grades 1 through 3 of Moscow secondary school (n=84). The dynamics of HMF components in the sample in general and in groups of children with different (measured in the 1st grade) level of HMF (high, medium, low) was followed with the help of seven indexes that reflect the status of the individual components of HMF, such as executive functions (voluntary regulation of activity), serial organization of movements and actions, processing of kinesthetic, auditory, visual and visual-spatial information, regulation of activation. The study showed a positive dynamics in the overall state of structural-functional components of HMF in the examinees. Groups of children with different baseline levels of HMF steadily kept the differences in the degree of development of HMF components in each evaluation, despite the fact that the highest dynamics of HMF components was found in children with initially low, and the lowest — in children with initially high levels of HMF components. Among the components the lowest dynamics was found in the development of voluntary regulation, that is, the functions of programming, regulation and control of activity. No significant dynamics of these functions from the first to the third grade in children with high baseline functioning may be related to the fall of their learning motivation as their learning proceeds in the Zone of actual and not proximal development.

This paper presents a new class of noninvasive brain-computer interfaces based on user’s silent counting of homogeneous visual stimuli, without defining separate classes of target and non-target stimuli (the “single-stimulus” paradigm), at an average (asynchronous) rate of about 2 stimuli per second and with counting that started immediately after moving the gaze to the stimulus presentation area. Interface’s operation was modeled by applying a linear classifier to EEG signals obtained from healthy participants, in rest condition and after moving their gaze to the stimulus presentation position. A response time of 2 second after the beginning of saccade was demonstrated, which is exceptionally fast comparing to typical results known for the existing noninvasive brain-computer interfaces. This result creates a basis for the development of efficient hybrid eye-brain-computer interfaces, considering that integration of the proposed EEG-based interfaces with the analysis of visual fixations and saccades can further improve recognition of the user’s intentional commands.

The article discusses the relationship of the general psychological theory of activity and work-psychology. The achievements of labor psychology as a scientific and technical discipline that combines concrete scientific concepts and theories focused on the problem of social practice. These concepts include: approaches and methods of psychological study of professional activities, research projects psychological classification of occupations; theory of work motivation; research problems of intra-individual variability of human performance under the influence of workload, theory of functional states of the subject of work, including the correction of adverse varieties; the theory of differential and developmental psychology used in professional selection and career counseling; options for teaching about the psychology of erroneous actions used in quality management and safety; complementing studies of individual forms of labor; psychosemantic professional approach to the study of consciousness and self- work experience in the psychological study of foreign object activity as the basis of analysis of the mental processes and properties of the subject of work. As a result, the analysis concluded that the general psychological theory of activity performs in relation to the role of labor psychology philosophical and methodological framework and general scientific theory in understanding the psyche of the human subject of labor. It has the status of concrete scientific theory as applied to problems of professional development and training. Psychology of work, beyond training and development, require the development of specific scientific concepts and theories that complement general psychological theory of activity.

The paper presents an ontological conceptualization of the phenomenon of extremity, which is considered in the context of personality transformation in the trans-ordinary world. Methodological principles and scientific logic of conceptualization are proposed and specified in the following concepts: the experience of being and non-being, personality work, meaning and behavioral personality work, positive and negative extremity, the meaning of life and the meaning of death, the nature of the construction of psychological effects of extremity — psychic trauma and personal transformation.

The empirical study was carried out to check the hypothesis that myopia can influence the development of self-attitude features of teenagers and youths. 50 participants took part in the study (30 myopic participants — 12 males and 18 females, and 20 participants with normal eyesight — 8 males and 12 females) from 15 to 20 years old, senior pupils and students. Projective methods and inventories were used: the nonexistent animal figure test, self-portrait picture test, S.R. Pantileev’s methodic of self-attitude measurement (questionnaire), and self- attitude scoring questionnaire developed by us. The results of the study confirm the hypothesis and show that myopic teenagers and youths has specific features of self-attitude, such as the disposition towards self-criticism, negative attitude towards characteristics of self, the decline of communicational self-attitude and communicational activity, the tendency to deep intelligent reflection of self with great attention toward weaknesses. Moreover, myopic respondents show rigid and extreme scores of self-attitude, passiveness in communication, sensitivity towards other people’s scores. It was shown, that self-attitude of myopic teenagers resembles that of blind and visually impaired people. It was also shown that myopic teenagers are more self-critical and tend to negative evaluation of themselves as communicational partners.

In the memory of Galina Mikhaylovna Andreeva.

In the memory of Evgeny Alexandrovich Klimov.

From the standpoint of transspektiv approach examines trends in the development of the problem of consciousness in science, which is at an early stage of transition to a new paradigm settings post-nonclassical level. The basic controversy that arose in the classical and nonclassical stage of development psychology of consciousness. Argues that the resolution of these contradictions must use thinking of a higher system level, a fact that leads to the tendency of transition of science to the new paradigm of science settings. We consider three factors that determine the current status of the problem of consciousness. One of them is due to the peculiarities of social development, by which the problem of consciousness is today one of the most important problems. The second factor is due to changes in the structure of scientific knowledge, which show that the multi-disciplinary approach begins to transform into a trans-disciplinary campaign, thus ensuring the integration of science and human knowledge needed to solve the problem of consciousness. The third factor is the internal tendencies of development of psychological science. Showing the stages of evolution of psychological thinking: stand features one-dimensional binary logic inherent in classical science, binary-ternary logic, which uses non-classical psychology. In a multi-dimensional logic, which develops post-nonclassical science, man is viewed as a complex spatiotemporal organization, open to the world and to himself self-developing system, and consciousness does not open in a discrete part (as a functioning body), and in its continuity and long-range. In the post-nonclassical perspective meanings appear as special psychological structures that provide substantive content of consciousness and suggest ways in which people can act, realizing sense and the value of their actions.

This article presents the results of an empirical study on the role of hostility in the etiopathogenesis of mental illness such as schizophrenia, schizoaffective and affective disorders. The relationship of the general level of hostility and enmity with the qualitative aspects of the objective characteristics of mental illness (duration and nosology) is described in the following article. The sample consists of 161 people, of which the clinical group consisted of 81 patients who are hospitalized in the 4th department of the clinic affective pathology. Comparison was made with a control group of healthy persons, which included 80 men who do not suffer from mental and neurological disorders. The study used the following methods: semantic differential (modification by Ohmatovskaya A.V.), World assumptions scale, Constructive Thinking Index (CTI), Cook-Medley Hostility scale, Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire, Wechsler memory scale, Wagner’s “Hand-test” (modification by A.V. Gerasimov). It was found that mentally ill patients were showing significantly higher quantitative measures of hostility, compared with the norm. Psychopathological marked qualitative specificity of hostility expressed in suspicion, ambivalence, extrapunitive and generalized hostility. According to the results, hostility has not direct connection with the nosology specific of the mental disorders, and does not depend on the patient’s age and duration of disease.

In this paper, we report the results from an empirical study that used a college students sample (n=304, Mean=19.49, SD=2.11; 206 females, 98 males) and investigated the relationship among rigidity variables, acceptance of uncertainty (tolerance/intolerance for uncertainty, risk readiness), rationality and reflexivity, intelligence (analytical and practical), and creativity. We used the following measures: The New Tolerance for Uncertainty Questionnaire, Personality Factors of Decision Making, Tomsk Rigidity Questionnaire, Reflexivity-27 Questionnaire, and the ROADS battery. We tested a set of hypotheses regarding the positive relationships between rigidity and a set of variables that included rationality, reflexivity, and intolerance for uncertainty, regarding the relationships between creativity and tolerance for uncertainty, risk readiness, and rigidity, as well as regarding the relationships between personality variables and academic achievement (GPA). We found that verbal creativity was positively related to reflexivity and negatively — with attitudinal rigidity. Crystallized intelligence was positively related to both academic achievement and creativity. Fluid intelligence was negatively related to rationality, and although both intelligence measures were positively inter-correlated, fluid intelligence was not related to creativity. We also showed that creativity is a positive predictor of achievement, whereas premorbid rigidity is a negative one; tolerance for uncertainty, creativity, and rationality were not related to achievement. However, reflexivity was related to creativity measured with the “Creative Stories” task: higher creativity was related to higher personality reflexivity and low attitudinal rigidity. Intolerance for uncertainty and risk readiness, on the other hand, are negatively related to achievement in college students.

The article describes the results of the empirical research, which aim was to identify features of the volitional regulation changes, when students pass from the first year of studies to the second year. First and second year students of various faculties were involved in the research (n=481). Techniques: “A formalized modification of Dembo—Rubinstein self-esteem technique”, V.A Ivannikov, E.V. Eydman; “Scale of action control in planning” J. Kuhl (NAKEMR-90) in adaptation of S.A. Shapkin; “Questionnaire for detection of self-control in emotional sphere, activity and behavior” G.S. Nikiforov, V.K. Vasilyev and S.V. Frisov; Purpose-in- Life Test in adaptation of D.A. Leontiev. When students pass from the first to the second year of studies, they show some changes: the indices of volitional regulation grow. However, the nature of changes varies for groups of students with different individual features and for male student and female student groups.

The purpose of the study was to identify significant aspects of the initial work experience through qualitative analysis of mini-essays on the theme: “Working situation that I could not manage. Working situation that I was able to cope. My conclusions”. Respondents — 5th year full-time students one of the Moscow higher educational institutions (29 women and 9 men), finishing a degree in “Management”. All respondents had the initial work experience (within the workplace practices, in public organizations, children’s summer camps, commercial structures, etc.). Analyzing only texts that were composed in strict accordance with instructions. Main results: 1) Principal issue of mini-essays was the personal aspects of business interaction (with superiors, colleagues, business partners, customers). 2) The central phenomenon was the relation between the “Self ” and the professional role, personal ability or inability focusing on work problems and psychologically distancing from the value judgments of partners in interaction. 3) Respondents` conclusions (final judgments) were of two kinds – related to “work situation» (the behavior throughout the conflict situation, a work adaptation, the image of the superior, internal resources for conflict resolution, the style of own behavior) and related to “personal growth” (relation between the “Self ” and the professional role, self-organization and self-regulation skills, value orientations).

A brief biographical sketch about Evgenia Davydovna Chomsky (07.08.1929—06.03.2004)

The article presents the overview of the basic approaches, concepts and directions in studying personality in neuropsychology. Neuropsychiatric approach is based on phenomenological description of personality disorders in patients with various brain damages. Neuropsychological studies of personality held in A.R. Luria school that are mainly present in works under E.D. Homskaya guidance, in order to experimentally study brain organization of personality suggest using structural-functional model that includes emotional, motivational and executive processes and self-awareness. Aphasiology postulates, that personality disorders are secondary to communication disabilities that occur in speech pathology. Finally, neuropsychoanalysis focuses on cerebral mechanisms of unconscious processes and personality functioning in different pathological models. The paper presents the results of the study held. With the use of neuropsychological syndrome analysis method 50 young adult male patients have been studied with pathocharacterological spectrum disorders divided in two groups: schizoid personality disorder (30 patients) and schizotypal personality disorder (20 patients). It has been established that both groups have specific cognitive disturbances that indicate frontal-parietal-thalamic connections. Lateral differences are revealed: neuropsychological symptoms that are associated with left hemisphere dysfunction are specific for schizotypal personality disorder; neurocognitive deficit that is associated with right hemisphere is specific for patients with schizoid personality disorder. Perspectives of personality neuropsychology are discussed.

The results of complex neuropsychological examination of the subjects with various pathologies of the corpus callosum (CC) conducted by the author are analyzed in the article. In the survey were used method for the study of the formation of fixed installation in haptic sphere and perceptive priming method. The goal of the study was development of one of neuropsychological factors of hemispheric interaction. Split Brain Syndrome characterized as a neuropsychological syndrome and the symptoms of higher mental functions violations in patients with various pathologies of the CC are described. The author describes the primary symptoms of hemispheric interaction violations caused by commissure pathology. Second part of the paper discusses the point of view of domestic and foreign researchers on the functional role of cerebral hemispheres, their front and rear parts in the human psyche and behavior. In the third part of the article the author describes neuropsychological factor interhemispheric interaction associated with the CC activity. This factor is a syndrome-forming with the CC pathology of various origins. It is integrative as the result of cooperation of two associative brain areas. It could be determined as the factor of formation and reproduction of behavioral acts or psyche selfdetermination factor.

An established link between the intellectual attention and the activity of frontal lobes in studies of E.D. Homskaya brings forward the application of special experimental psychological procedures. The latter are characterized by sensitized cognitive load and address both attention and memory. A modified version of the Stroop Task (Shilko R.S.) was employed in the present study of intellectual attention. 50 men ranging in age from 18 to 24 years with higher or incomplete higher education took part in the study. Among the participants there were 20 healthy subjects and 30 patients with schizophrenia in a paroxysmal form, developed in adolescence. The patients were under medical treatment in the Mental Health Research Center of RAMS. Comparison of intergroup results, based on the analysis of errors that were made by subjects in both groups, revealed the features of memory and attention, specific for the cohort of patients. Unlike the healthy subjects, schizophrenia patients revealed the types of errors which in accordance with the system of neuropsychological qualification of errors are typical for disturbances of functions of control and selectivity on different stages of activity and levels of attention regulation (A.R. Luria’s qualitative assessment scheme). There was ascertained a high sensitivity of the technique to study of the dysfunctions of the frontal lobes and identification of various parameters of intellectual attention.

The paper presents results of the neuropsychological assessment of processes involved in the maintenance of activation (Luria’s Unit I functions) in 64 firstgraders who demonstrated various levels of academic success. On the basis of this assessment, the children were divided into three groups: (i) the children without any deficit in the Unit I functions (CONTROL children), (ii) those predominantly showing slowness/fatigue (SLOW children), and (iii) those who can be considered as predominantly hyperactive-impulsive (HYPERACTIVE children). It is shown that, relative to controls, both SLOW and HYPERACTIVE children show reduced academic scores and the decrease of most indices that characterize functions of the Units II and III. The weakness of executive and visuo-spatial functions are predominantly observed in HYPERACTIVE children, whereas SLOW children usually show some deficit in processing of kinesthetic (proprioceptive) and audio-verbal information. Children with functional weakness of the Unit I functions show an overall reduction in performance and its speed in the computerized versions of the “DOTS” and “SCHULTE—GORBOV tables” tests. In HYPERACTIVE children, deficits are observed in the most difficult tasks (those probing mostly into planning and control functions), and their performance is the most unstable. In SLOW children, the performance rate is noticeably decreased for the moderate-to-difficult tasks. Overall, the data reported contribute to the understanding of the diversity of Unit I functions deficits and their relation to the learning difficulties experienced by children in the primary school.

The data is analyzed in the article about structural and neurochemical brain hemispheric asymmetry, which, together with results of neuropsychological investigations, allow considering in a new way the problem of realization of psychic events. Modern investigations of cellar and molecular processes in neural system show, that the endogenous neural activity and the ways of neural self-organization are in many respects defined by the composition of extracellar environment. The complication of brain during phylogenies was accompanied by increasing asymmetry of neural system at the same time the biological prerequisites for differentiation of general “meanings” and one’s personal “sense” of the acquired experience were forming. The asymmetric mediation of psychic events by cellar and neurohumoral components of brain processing provided the opportunity for appearing language and distinct subjective experiences in human.