Articles

The author of the article compares a play and creative work as forms of a personality-forming interaction between a child and an adult and shows that a child personality development depends on social position of adults.

The article describes a case study of visual agnosia in which neuropsychological assessment was carried out on a 70-year-old woman В. She cannot recognize familiar faces and even her own. She exhibits a sheer case of topographical agnosia being unable to recognize familiar surroundings. Although she passed standard color tests she fails to recognize color pictures and to name colors. She has problems with recognizing letters despite retaining writing skills. These deficiencies have been caused by the bilateral lesions of the inferior areas of the temporal-parietal-occipital lobes.

This study examined coping styles and intellectual characteristics of self-regulation in learning activity of technical and humanitarian student in college. Results of this study students sample (N=546) allowed to conclude, that people with high level of psychometric intelligence use far less emotion-oriented and avoidance-oriented coping styles.

The main approaches to moral development in foreign (J. Piage, L. Kohlberg, C. Gilligan, N. Eisenberg, E. Turiel) and domestic psychology (L.I. Bozhovich, S.N. Karpova, E.V. Subbotsky, S.G. Jacobson) are analyzed in the article. The justice and care principles as the foundations for constructing the approaches to moral development are examined. The differences between care and justice principle are revealed. Some results of investigation about the dependence of moral-value development in adolescence and youth from social situation of development are discussed. 

The realization of challenges facing security psychology is based on a subject’s achieving a mental state when a complex of external and internal parameters are under control, preservation of psychophysical status and health improvement being at that equally important.

The article is devoted to peculiarities of the intelligence specialists in the field of information technology. The object of study was chosen the base for this group of occupations specialty — programmer. Built average intelligence profile for the profession and is compared with the profile of intelligence accountants is a profession belonging to the same group of “man — sign system”. The obtained results are interpreted on the basis of the characteristics of each professional activity.

The analysis of differences between two theoretical approaches to visual perception — the ecological and the constructivist ones — is presented. The modern experimental data are considered which demonstrate the presence of two physiologically separate pathways, labeled as the ventral and dorsal streams. The questions are discussed if the differences between theoretical approaches may be reduced to differently functioning physiological streams.

The psychological model of insomnia based on cognitive model of insomnia and cultural approach in psychosomatics is discussed in this article. There are emphasized perpetuating factors of insomnia and different kind of behavior as insomnia consequences. Social psychological factors triggering and increasing anxiety and attentions to sleep are supposed: personality and culturally specific beliefs about sleep and insomnia (beliefs about sleep hygiene, sleep control, attitude to insomnia in the society). Different patients’ reactions to the insomnia — psychological dependence on medicine, sleep “ritual”, self-restrictive behavior, and active changes in life — influence on the development and treatment outcomes in a different manner.

Complex interdisciplinary study of mechanisms of readiness for speech and move4 ments in stuttering used neuropsychological (A.R. Luria battery), biomechanical (a study of nonverbal movements such as the gait) and psychophysiological (brain localization of potential of readiness for speech) methods. Connection between defects of the sequential organization of speech, gait and performance in neuropsy4 chological tests on reciprocal coordination and dynamic praxis was revealed. Defects of readiness for speech are connected with pathological excitation of limbic system and pathological deactivation of brainstem, left frontal cortex, left basal nuclei and right temporal cortex, as well as with additional activation of the right frontal cortex. These data prove the systemic nature of speech defects in stuttering and the unity of brain mechanisms of verbal and motor readiness in human mental functioning.

Limitations of subjective estimation of differences method, which is used in modeling stimuli discrimination spaces, are discussed in the article. A new approach is suggested, that is based on using «pop-out effect» in visual search. The suggested method of measuring differences among stimuli is validated. The experiment shows that the efficiency of visual search (measured on its time and accuracy) is an adequate measure of differences among stimuli, which is correlated with subjective estimation of difference. It is shown that at visual search task oriented lines are discriminated in a three-dimensional spherical space.

The article presents the results of the investigation of active and passive vocabulary of emotions at schoolchildren (normal and schizophrenic ones). It has been shown that children suffering from schizophrenia are less differentiated in vocabulary of emotions and are more likely than healthy children recognize emotional stimuli as unemotional than the normal ones are doing this.

The article shows results of psychometric properties and content validity verification of one of existing russian defence mechanisms questionnaires. the article also describes creation of a diagnostics method that psychometrically validly determines four psychological defence mechanisms: denial, compensation, projection and reaction formation.

In article the basic results received by E.N. Sokolov in experiences on studying of mechanisms of memory are presented. E.N. Sokolov has developed a system of experiments helped to refine the analysis of the mechanisms of memory. As experimental model of memory the habituation was used and as research methods various objective indicators of work of a brain — from EEG to intracellular potentials of single neuronswere applied. The experiments gave the possibility to formulate the concept of nervous model of stimuli and synaptic potentiation as a basis for remembering the properties of an effective signal. This article gives a brief overview of these works.

The aim of experimental study is testing of the possibility and efficiency of conservation understanding formation in preschool children through the formation of their logical operations of classification and seriation. New training methods of classification and seriation were developed. They are based on the mastery of the actions belonging to the composition and structure of the data logic operations. Parallel formation of logical operations of classification and seriation using these new techniques allowed the subject not only to master these logic operations in a full, but also let the children overcome nonconservation phenomena. The possibility of formation of some concrete-operational structures of intelligence (understanding of the conservation principle) through other specific-operational structures of intelligence (the composition and structure of logical operations of classification and seriation) was proved for the first time.

The preconditions of Individual Style of Activity (ISA) problem formation as well as it’s history of study in psychology of this country are examined. Essential characteristics of ISA conception (suggested by E.A. Klimov) and the peculiarities of different approaches to the study of the phenomenon in 1950—2000 are emphasized. Promising directions for future research are determined.