Freedom: responsibility, negativism, care

Relevance and purpose. In the context of modern social life and its reflection by science, the phenomenon of freedom is one of the fundamental theoretical and practical problems. Understanding the true causes of the formation of an asocial personality, far from extreme science paradigms, is one of the pressing problems of modern psychology. The purpose of this article is to analyze and consider the issues of freedom and aggressive behavior of adolescents in the modes of responsibility, negativism and care.

Research methods. Theoretical analysis and synthesis of relevant literature.

Research results. Aspects of freedom in connection with external and internal restrictions are considered, constructive and destructive types of freedom are distinguished. The problem of differentiating the desire for freedom and the risks of negativism are noted, active negativity and passive negativity are described. Aspects of hostile attribution bias as structural-motivational element of deviant and delinquent behavior are revealed. Egalitarian and traditional concepts of parenting and their connection with the development of autonomous, independent personality are considered. The conditions in association with the values of freedom, independence and care act as predictors of the subjective feeling of happiness in adolescents are noted.

Conclusions. Freedom is a prerequisite condition for the development of responsibility, personality with an internal locus of control. Freedom should be coupled аwith responsibility, parental supervision and providing of freedom for a teen to make a significant contribution to the socialization of freedom and responsibility. The phenomenon of emancipation in adolescence can be associated with the risks of negativism as a form of aggression. High partial self esteem (leadership ability and self esteem of one's “physical self”) correlate with negativism. One of the essential mechanisms for the formation and functioning of negativism is the hostile attribution bias, the tendency to which is associated with high risks of delinquent behavior. Children from families with freedom parenting style are characterized by deprivation of care, they are more often less satisfied with “family” childhood. At the same time, controlling parents can also play a negative role, increasing the risks of aggression.

References

Arkhipova, V.Yu. (2020). The influence of parental control on the formation of a teenager’s personality. Nauchno-metodicheskii elektronnyi zhurnal “Kontsept” (Scientific-methodological electronic journal “Koncept”), 3, 108–114. (Retrieved from http://e-koncept.ru/2020/202010.htm (review date: 26.02.2021)) (In Russ.).

Bandura, A. (2008). Social learning theory. Saint Petersburg: Direkt-Media. (In Russ.).

Baumgardner, M., & Boyatzis, C.J. (2018). The Role of Parental Psychological Control and Warmth in College Students’ Relational Aggression and Friendship Quality. Emerging Adulthood, 6 (1), 72–76.

Beron, R., Richardson, D. (2014). Aggression. Saint Petersburg: Piter. (In Russ.).

Dodge, K.A., Price, J.M., Bachorowski, J.-A., & Newman, J.P. (1990). Hostile attributional biases in severely aggressive adolescent. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 99 (4), 385–392.

Flouri, E., Midouhas, E. (2017). Environmental Adversity and Children’s Early Trajectories of Problem Behavior: The Role of Harsh Parental Discipline. Journal of Family Psychology, 31 (2), 234–243.

Foshee, V.A., McNaughton Reyes, H.L., Tharp, A.T., Chang, L.-Y., Ennett, S.T., Simon, T.R., Latzman, N.E., Suchindran, C.M. (2015). Shared Longitudinal Predictors of Physical Peer and Dating Violence. Journal of Adolescent Health, 56 (1), 106–112.

Frankl, V. (1990). Man's Search for Meaning. Moscow: Progress. (In Russ.).

Fromm, E. (2006). Escape from Freedom. Moscow: AST: AST MOSKVA. (In Russ.).

Jackson, S., Goossens, L. (2019). Handbook of Adolescent Development [Electronic resource]. Psychology Press. URL: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203969861 (date of retrieval: 26.02.2021).

Kemalova, D.I. (2017). Psychological prevention of adolescent negativism. Forum molodykh uchenykh (Forum of young scientists), 11 (15), 429–434. (In Russ.).

Kon, I.S. (1989). Psychology of early adolescence. Moscow: Education. (In Russ.).

Lee, S.-A., Yu, J.J. (2018). Parental Psychological Control and Children's Relational and Social Aggression [Electronic resource]. Southeastern Council on Family Relations Conference. URL: https://dc.etsu.edu/secfr-conf/2018/schedule/26/ (date of retrieval: 26.02.2021).

Llorca, A., Richaud, M.C., & Malonda, E. (2017). Parenting Styles, Prosocial, and Aggressive Behavior: The Role of Emotions in Offender and Non-offender Adolescents [Electronic resource]. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1246. URL: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01246 (date of retrieval: 26.02.2021).

Martinelli, A., Ackermann, K., Bernhard, A., Freitag, C.M., Schwenck, C. (2018). Hostile attribution bias and aggression in children and adolescents: A systematic literature review on the influence of aggression subtype and gender. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 39, 25–32.

Masud, H., Ahmad, M.S., Cho, K.W. (2019). Parenting Styles and Aggression Among Young Adolescents: A Systematic Review of Literature. Community Mental Health Journal, 55, 1015–1030.

Naumenko, M.V. (2018). Interrelation of forms of aggression with communicative abilities of teenage athletes. Internet-zhurnal “Mir nauki” (World of Science. Pedagogy and psychology), 6 (5). (Retrieved from https://mir-nauki.com/PDF/40PSMN518.pdf (review date: 26.02.2021)) (In Russ.).

Pinquart, M. (2017). Associations of parenting dimensions and styles with externalizing problems of children and adolescents: An updated meta-analysis. Developmental Psychology, 53 (5), 873–932.

Rean, A.A. (2008). Psychology of the teenager. Saint Petersburg: Praim-Evroznak. (In Russ.).

Rean, A.A. (2016). Youth’s attitude towards the family institution and family values. Natsional'nyi psikhologicheskii zhurnal (National psychological journal), 1, 3–8. (In Russ.).

Rean, A.A. (2017). Psychology of the personality. Saint Petersburg: Piter. (In Russ.).

Rean, A.A., Konovalov, I.A. (2020). Indicators of Parent-Child Relationships in the Context of Various Socio-Demographic Parameters. Integratsiya obrazovaniya (Integration of Education), 24 (3), 433–452. (In Russ.).

Rean, A.A., Shagalov, I.L. (2018). Personal values as predictors for experiencing happiness in adolescents. Voprosy psikhologii (Psychology issues), 6, 16–28. (In Russ.).

Ross-Gray, M.C. (2020). Parental Supervision and Monitoring and Deviant Adolescent Behavior [Electronic resource]. Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies, 8486. URL: https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/8486 (date of retrieval: 26.02.2021).

Ruiz-Hernández, J.A., Moral-Zafra, E., Llor-Esteban, B., & Jiménez-Barbero, J.A. (2018). Influence of parental styles and other psychosocial variables on the development of externalizing behaviors in adolescents: A systematic review. The European Journal of Psychology Applied to Legal Context, 11, 9–21.

Santos, C.V.М. dos, Campana, N.T.C., & Gomes, I.C. (2019). Egalitarian Parental Care: literature review and conceptual construction [Electronic resource]. Psicologia: Teoria e Pesquisa, 35. URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0102.3772e35311 (date of retrieval: 26.02.2021).

Schwartz, S.H. (2012). An Overview of the Schwartz Theory of Basic Values [Electronic resource]. Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, 2 (1). URL: https://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1116&context=orpc (date of retrieval: 26.02.2021).

Semenyuk, L.M. (1996). Psychological features of aggressive behavior of adolescents and the conditions of its correction. Moscow: In-t prakt. psikhologii; Voronezh: NPO “MODEK”. (In Russ.).

Shestakova, E.G. (2011). Agressivnost' v strukture lichnosti: integrativnyy podkhod. Avtoref. diss… kand. psikhol. nauk. (Aggressiveness in the structure of personality: an integrative approach (PhD) Thesis). Perm (In Russ.).

Steinberg, L. (2020). Adolescence (12th Edition). N.Y.: McGraw-Hill Education.

Tyler, S. (2020). Human Behavior and the Social Environment I [Electronic resource]. University of Arkansas Libraries. URL: https://uark.pressbooks.pub/hbse1/ (date of retrieval: 26.02.2021).

Valiullina, M.E. (2016). World image, aggression, and reflexivity in students of the pedagogical profile. Uchenye Zapiski Kazanskogo Universiteta. Seriya Gumanitarnye Nauki (Proceedings of Kazan University. Humanities Series), 158 (4), 941–949. (In Russ.).

Verhoef, R.E.J., Alsem, S.C., Verhulp, E.E., De Castro, B.O. (2019). Hostile Intent Attribution and Aggressive Behavior in Children Revisited: A Meta-Analysis. Child Development, 90 (5), 1–23.

Volkov, B.S. (2017). Psychology of the teenager. Moscow: Akademicheskii Proekt. (In Russ.).

Volkova, M.A., Petrova, S.S. (2020). The problem of overprotection in the family. Voprosy pedagogiki (Pedagogics Issues), 11-2, 79–82. (In Russ.).

Yan, F., Zhang, Q., Ran, G., Li, S., Niu, X. (2020). Relationship between Parental Psychological Control and Problem Behaviours in Youths: A Three-level Meta-analysis [Electronic resource]. Children and Youth Services Review, 112. DOI: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.104900 (date of retrieval: 26.02.2021).

Zimbardo, F., Kolombe, N. (2017). Man Disconnected: How technology has sabotaged what it means to be male. Moscow: Al'pina Pablisher. (In Russ.).